POPES.--Honorius III., 1216. Gregory IX., 1227. Celestine IV., 1241 (vacancy 1241). Innocent IV., 1243. Alexander IV., 1254. Urban IV., 1261. Clement IV., 1265 (vacancy 1268). Gregory X., 1271. _Archbishops._ | _Chief-Justices._ | _Chancellors._ | | Stephen Langton, | Hubert de Burgh, | Richard de Marisco, 1207-1228. | 1215-1232. | 1214-1226. Richard le Grand, | Stephen Segrave, | Ralph Neville, 1229-1231. | 1232-1234. | 1226-1244. Edmund Rich, | Hugh Bigot, | Walter de Merton, 1261. 1234-1240. | 1258-1260. | Nicholas de Ely, 1263. Boniface of Savoy, | Hugh le Despencer, | Thomas Cantilupe, 1265. 1245-1270. | 1260. | Walter Giffard, 1265. | Philip Basset, 1261. | Godfrey Giffard, 1267. | Richard Middleton, | 1269-1272. [Sidenote: Difficulties at Henry’s accession.] [Sidenote: Pembroke’s conciliatory measures.] [Sidenote: Fair of Lincoln.] [Sidenote: Louis leaves England.] Immediately upon the death of John, William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, and Gualo, the Papal Legate, the leaders of John’s faithful followers, declared Prince Henry king. It was a moment of extreme danger. The Scotch had advanced as far as Carlisle, the Welsh were harassing the Marches, the East and South of England were in the hands of Louis and the revolted barons, the court could with difficulty uphold its influence in the West. But Marshall was a man of tried experience, of trustworthy character, and, though a firm adherent of the crown, no friend to tyranny. The presence of the French prince in England shocked all national prejudices. Pembroke set on foot a policy of conciliation, and attempted to unite all parties against the foreigner. He at once separated the cause of the young Henry from that of his father by accepting the Charter. He wrote friendly letters to the leaders of the revolted barons, and found assistance in the ecclesiastical weapons wielded by Gualo. One by one the insurgents, feeling themselves sure of constitutional treatment at the hands of Pembroke, joined the royal party. Pembroke found himself strong enough to risk a battle. Louis had received reinforcements, and with the insurgent nobles who still upheld his cause marched to Lincoln, where, though the town was in his possession, the castle still held out for the English king. Thither Pembroke betook himself, determined to bring on a decisive engagement. Gaining access to the town through the castle, his troops fell upon the French in the streets, and completely routed them, capturing nearly all the English leaders. London and its neighbourhood alone remained to Louis, and when a great French fleet, under Eustace the Monk, which was bringing him assistance,