A History of English VersificationSchipper, J. (Jakob)
History
A History of English Versification
Schipper, J. (Jakob)
English language -- Versification; English poetry -- History and criticism
These last examples suffice to show the rich variety of the caesura,
which may be referred perhaps to the influence of blank verse, in the
management of which Chapman displays great skill, and to the frequent
use which he makes of the enjambement. Rhyme-breaking also sometimes
occurs in his verse. Occasionally three consecutive lines rhyme
together, as in W. Warner, whose versification is otherwise extremely
regular, similar to that of lyrical poetry. In this branch of poetry the
Septenary, with the simple rhyme-order _a b c b_ and especially with the
more artistic form _a b a b_, has continued to be very popular from the
time of Wyatt down to the present day. The three-foot line has naturally
in most instances a masculine ending, but lines also occasionally occur
with feminine rhyme. In many poems the feminine rhyme is, moreover,
regularly employed in this metre; as, for instance, in Burns's _To John
Taylor_ (p. 158):
_With Pégasús upón a dáy,
Apóllo wéary flýing,
Through frósty hílls the jóurney láy,
On fóot the wáy was plýing._
In ballad poetry, on the other hand, the Septenary metre tends to assume
a somewhat freer construction, similar to, though not so capricious as
that in the old ballads edited by Percy. A well-known example is offered
by Coleridge's _Rime of the Ancient Mariner_:
_It ís an áncient Márinér, | And he stoppeth óne of thrée:
'By thy lóng grey béard and glíttering éye, | Now whérefore
stópp'st thou mé?'_
Two unaccented opening syllables and two unaccented syllables in the
middle of the line are, in particular, often met with.
§ =141. The Septenary in combination with other metres.= After its
occurrence in the _Moral Ode_ and the _Ormulum_ the Septenary, as we
have seen, appears at first very seldom by itself, but generally in
connexion with other metres, especially the old long line in its freer
development, the four-foot metre (though more rarely), and,
particularly, the Alexandrine.
The Middle English Alexandrine was constructed on the model of the Old
French Alexandrine--except for the use of Teutonic licences in even-beat
rhythm--and it thus possessed four different types, which the following
examples from _On god Ureison of ure Lefdi_[146] may serve to
illustrate. We give the corresponding Old French metrical types from the
_Roman d'Alixandre_ (Bartsch, _Chrestomathie de l'ancien français_, p.
175).
_a._ Masculine caesura with masculine line-ending:
_En icele forest, | dont voz m'oëz conter._ 24.
_Nim nu ȝéme to mé, | so me bést a béo ðe béo._ 129.
_b._ Feminine (epic) caesura with masculine line-ending:
_nesune male choze | ne puet laianz entrer._ 25.
_vor þín is þé wurchípe, | ȝif ich wrécche wel iþéo._ 130.
_c._ Masculine caesura with feminine line-ending:
_Moult fut biaus li vregiers | et gente la praële._ 1.
_Þine blísse ne méi | nówiht únderstónden._ 31.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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