[157] Cf. on this subject the essays and treatises by T. Mommsen, Abbott, Furnivall, Ingram, Hertzberg, Fleay, A.J. Ellis (_On Early English Pronunciation_, iii), &c. (quoted _Metrik_, ii, p. 259); besides G. König, _Der Vers in Shakspere's Dramen_, Strassburg, Trübner, 1888, 8º (_Quellen und Forschungen_, 61); _Der Couplet-Reim in Shakspere's Dramen_ (Dissertation), von J. Heuser, Marburg, 1893, 8; H. Krumm, _Die Verwendung des Reims in dem Blankverse des englischen Dramas zur Zeit Shaksperes_, Kiel, 1889; H. Conrad, _Metrische Untersuchungen zur Feststellung der Abfassungszeit von Shakspere's Dramen_ (_Shakespeare-Jahrbuch_, xxx. 318-353); _William Shakespeare, Prosody and Text_, by B. A. P. van Dam and C. Stoffel, Leyden, 1900, 8º; _Chapters on English Printing Prosody, and Pronunciation_ (1550-1700), by B.A.P. van Dam and C. Stoffel, Heidelberg, 1902 (_Anglistische Forschungen_, ix). [158] I. 1587-1592; II. 1593-1600; III. 1600-1606; IV. 1606-1613; according to Dowden. [159] Cf. Furnivall, p. xxviii. [160] Cf. Mayor, _Chapters on English Metre_, pp. 174-7. [161] Cf. _Metrik_, ii, § 154. [162] Cf. _Metrik_, ii, § 161. [163] Cf. N. Delius, _Die Prosa in Shakespeares Dramen_ (Jahrbuch d. deutschen Shakespeare-Gesellschaft, v. 227-73). [164] Cf. the Halle dissertations by _Hannemann_ (on Ford, Oxford, 1889); _Penner_ (on Peele, Braunschweig, 1890); _Knaut_ (on Greene, 1890); _Schulz_ (on Middleton, 1892); _Elste_ (on Chapman, 1892); _Kupka_ (on Th. Dekker, 1893); _Meiners_ (on Webster, 1893); _Clages_ (on Thomson and Young, 1892); and the criticism of some of them by Boyle, _Engl. Studien_, xix. 274-9. [165] IV. i, p. 66, cf. _Engl. Studien_, v, p. 76. [166] _Engl. Studien_, iv-vii. [167] On the many combinations of the three kinds of caesura in the different places of the verse, cf. _Metrik_, ii, pp. 28-31. [168] Cf. _Metrik_, ii, §§ 179-185. | [169] See _Englische Metrik_, ii, §§ 188-90. [170] Cf. _Metrik_, ii, §§ 195-201. [171] Cf. _Metrik_, ii, §§ 202-6. CHAPTER XIII TROCHAIC METRES § =181.= Trochaic metres, which, generally speaking, are less common in English poetry than iambics, were not used at all till the Modern English Period. The old metrical writers (Gascoigne, James VI, W. Webbe) only know rising metres. Puttenham (1589) is the first metrician who quotes four-foot trochaic lines; similar verses also occur during the same period in Shakespeare's _Love's Labour's Lost_, _A Midsummer Night's Dream_, and other plays.