According to the Jains there were originally two kinds of sacred books, the fourteen Pûrvas and the eleven A@ngas. The Pûrvas continued to be transmitted for some time but were gradually lost. The works known as the eleven A@ngas are now the oldest parts of the existing Jain canon. The names of these are _Âcâra, Sûtrak@rta, Sthâna, Samavâya Bhagavatî, Jñâtadharmakathâs, Upâsakadas'âs, Antak@rtadas'âs Anuttaraupapâtikadas'âs, Pras'navyâkara@na, Vipâka_. In addition to these there are the twelve _Upâ@ngas_ [Footnote ref 1], the ten _Prakîr@nas_ [Footnote ref 2], six _Chedasûtras_ [Footnote ref 3], _Nândî_ and _Anuyogadvâra_ and four _Mûlasûtras_ (_Uttarâdhyayana, Âvas'yaka, Das'avaikâlika_, and _Pi@n@daniryukti_). The Digambaras however assert that these original works have all been lost, and that the present works which pass by the old names are spurious. The original language of these according to the Jains was Ardhamâgadhî, but these suffered attempts at modernization and it is best to call the language of the sacred texts Jaina Prâkrit and that of the later works Jaina Mahârâ@s@trî. A large literature of glosses and commentaries has grown up round the sacred texts. And besides these, the Jains possess separate works, which contain systematic expositions of their faith in Prâkrit and Sanskrit. Many commentaries have also been written upon these independent treatises. One of the oldest of these treatises is Umâsvâti's _Tattvârthâdhigamasûtra_(1-85 A.D.). Some of the most important later Jaina works on which this chapter is based are _Vis'e@sâvas'yakabhâ@sya_, Jaina _Tarkavârttika_, with the commentary of S'ântyâcâryya, _Dravyasa@mgraha_ of Nemicandra (1150 A.D.), _Syâdvâdamañjarî_ of Malli@sena (1292 A.D.), _Nyâyâvatâra_ of Siddhasena Divâkara (533 A.D.), _Parîk@sâmukhasûtralaghuv@rtti_ of Anantavîryya (1039 A.D.), _Prameyakamalamârta@n@da_ of Prabhâcandra ___________________________________________________________________ [Footnote 1: _Aupapâtika, Râjapras'nîya, Jîvâbhigama, Prajñâpanâ, Jambudvîpaprajñapti, Candraprajñapti, Sûryaprajñapti, Nirayâvali, Kalpâvata@msikâ, Pu@spikâ, Pu@spacûlikâ, V@r@s@nida@sâs_.] [Footnote 2: _Catu@hs'ara@na, Sa@mstâra, Âturapratyâkhyâna, Bhaktâparijñâ, Ta@ndulavaiyâlî, Ca@n@dâvîja, Devendrastava, Ga@nivîja, Mahâpratyâkhyâna, Vîrastava_.] [Footnote 3: _Nis'îtha, Mahânis'îtha, Vyavahâra, Das'as'rutaskandha, B@rhatkalpa, Pañcakalpa_.] 172 (825 A.D.), _Yogas'âstra_ of Hemacandra (1088-1172 A.D.), and _Pramâ@nanayatattvâlokâla@mkâra_ of Deva Sûri (1086-1169 A.D.). I am indebted for these dates to Vidyâbhû@sa@na's _Indian Logic_.