Two other leading poetical figures of the fifteenth century, Matteo Maria Boiardo and Luigi Pulci, authors of the _Orlando Innamorato_ and the _Morgante Maggiore_, will be best treated along with the writers of chivalrous romance in epic form. It is not quite clear how far Pulci had a share in the poems ascribed to his elder brother Luca (1431-70); but the latter’s verses on Giuliano de’ Medici, his crusading epic, _Ciriffo Calvaneo_, and his pastoral, _Driadeo_, undoubtedly owe much to Luigi. The heroic epistles in verse which pass under his name are no doubt by him. Another poet, GIROLAMO BENIVIENI, shines amid the Platonic circle of Marsilio Ficino and Pico della Mirandola. His verses might have given him no inconsiderable distinction if he could have attained to lucidity of diction; but his powers of expression are inadequate to the abstruseness of his themes. He does best when his idealism is embodied in an objective shape, as in the following sonnet, clearly suggested by the first in the _Vita Nuova_: _In utmost height of Heaven I saw the choir Of happy stars in their infinity Attending on the Sun obediently, And he was pasturing them with his own fire. And, wealthy with my spoil, I saw Desire Unstring his bow and lay his arrows by, And proffer Heaven, with all humility, My heart, which golden drapery did attire. And, of this disarrayed, not half so fair Smiles Earth to Sun when by his crescent light The ivory horn of vernal Bull is smit As in this glory did my heart appear, Which now my mortal breast doth scorn and slight, Abandoning, nor will return to it._ The Italian writings of Benivieni’s friend Savonarola are chiefly theological. Their fervour gained them great influence at the time, but the celebrity which they still enjoy is due rather to the fame of the writer than to their literary qualities. Savonarola nevertheless affected the literature of his day, partly by his war against classical and Renaissance culture, and partly by the impulse which he gave to the pamphlet, precursor of the newspaper press. Cristoforo Landino’s Camaldolese Dialogues would have been important contributions lo the national literature if they had been written in Italian.