The latest of the Pleistocene faunas is less completely known than those of the earlier and middle portions of the epoch, for but few localities have yet been discovered with any extensive series of fossils. As worked out by Osborn, this fauna coincided with the last Glacial stage and was a greatly reduced and impoverished assemblage as compared with those of the middle and lower Pleistocene, though it is not safe to argue that all the animals not found in this fauna were already extinct, for the known list is still far too short to be entirely representative. The American †Mastodon (_†Mastodon americanus_, see p. 196) was still abundant in the forested regions and was apparently able to withstand severe winter temperatures, as certainly was the †Mammoth (_Elephas †primigenius_, see p. 196), which was so abundant in the coldest part of Siberia and which extended south to the Potomac, presumably at this time. Horses were still present in North America, though apparently in greatly diminished numbers and variety. Tapirs have not been found, though they may have lingered on in the southern regions. The typically North American genus of deer (_Odocoileus_) was, of course, well represented, and Old World types had a much more southerly distribution than at present. The Caribou (_Rangifer caribou_) came down into Pennsylvania and Ohio, the Moose (_Alce americanus_) into Kentucky and Kansas, and the Wapiti (_Cervus canadensis_) is reported as far south as Florida. A very remarkable animal is the Stag-Moose (_†Cervalces scotti_), the best preserved skeleton of which is that in the museum of Princeton University. This was found in a shell-marl beneath a peat-bog at Mt. Hermon, N. J., _north of the great terminal moraine_, and therefore most probably this particular individual dates from a time not earlier than the beginning of the final retreat of the ice. _†Cervalces_, as its name implies, was in some respects intermediate between the Stag (_Cervus_) and the Moose (_Alce_); in general proportions it most nearly resembled the latter, having a short neck, long body and very long legs; but the skull differed in many respects from that of the Moose, especially in parts which show that the great, inflated snout and prehensile upper lip had no such development in the extinct as in the living form. The antlers were unique among the known members of the deer family, resembling those of the Moose, though much less palmated and with the addition of great trumpet-shaped plates. The feet were large, almost as large as in the Caribou, and the whole structure indicates an animal well fitted to travel through deep snows and flourish in severe winters. [Illustration: FIG. 117.—_†Cervalces scotti_: restored from a skeleton in the museum of Princeton University.]