In the _Torrejon_, or upper Paleocene, there were many herbivorous marsupials, with very complex grinding teeth and chisel-like incisors, but no carnivorous or insectivorous members of the order have been found. Insectivora were present. Of the †creodonts, or primitive flesh-eaters, there were no less than five families; the bear-like †Arctocyonidæ, which died out in the Wasatch, were quite numerous, and the problematical †Mesonychidæ were much smaller and more primitive mammals than those of the Eocene. Passing over two families which did not survive the Torrejon, we may note the first of the †Miacidæ, the progressive family which led eventually to the true Carnivora. The hoofed animals all belonged to the archaic †Condylarthra and †Amblypoda; of the former there were many genera and species referable to three families, one of which contained the forerunners of the Wasatch _†Phenacodus_. The genus _†Pantolambda_ of the Amblypoda may well have been ancestral to both the †coryphodonts and the †uintatheres of the Eocene. [Illustration: FIG. 143.—The Torrejon forerunner (_†Pantolambda bathmodon_) of _†Coryphodon_. Restored from a skeleton in the American Museum of Natural History.] The _Puerco_ fauna was much like that of the Torrejon, but even less advanced and diversified. The herbivorous marsupials were more abundant, and some of them (_†Polymastodon_) larger than those of the Torrejon; Insectivora may have been present, but this is doubtful. The †creodonts, so far as they have been discovered, were less numerous, varied and specialized than those of the Torrejon and included but one of the families which passed over into the Eocene. The †Condylarthra were much less common and the †Amblypoda but doubtfully represented, but the edentate-like †Tæniodontia were conspicuous. [Illustration: FIG. 144.—Head of an †allotherian marsupial (_†Polymastodon taöensis_) from the Puerco stage. Restored from a skull in the American Museum of Natural History.] Not only were the Paleocene faunas radically different from the mammals of our time, but they could not have been ancestral to the latter, being hardly more than an advanced and diversified Mesozoic assemblage. It is true that some of its elements, such as the †Condylarthra, †Amblypoda and †Creodonta, developed greatly and played an important part in the life of the Eocene, but of these only a few †creodonts continued into the Oligocene and all became extinct without leaving any descendants behind them. Another curious fact concerning the Paleocene mammalian faunas is that they were made up entirely of small and very small animals; not a single mammal as large as a sheep has yet been found in these beds, and the same is true of Europe. That a land-connection with the Old World existed during the Paleocene epoch, is indicated by the similarity of the faunas of North America and Europe. CHAPTER VIII HISTORY OF THE PERISSODACTYLA