In the skeleton there is little difference between the deer and the Cavicornia, but there are some differences in the teeth. In the males of those deer which have no antlers, such as the Musk-Deer (_Moschus moschiferus_) and the Chinese Water-Deer (_Hydropotes inermis_), as well as in certain forms with very small antlers, like the muntjacs of Asia (_Cervulus_ and _Elaphodus_), the upper canine is a long, thin, recurved and sabre-like tusk, a very effective weapon. Speaking of the Indian Muntjac or “Barking Deer” (_Cervulus muntjac_), Flower and Lydekker say, “When attacked by dogs the males use their sharp canine teeth with great vigour, inflicting upon their opponents deep and even dangerous wounds.” In other forms of deer the upper canines are small or absent. The grinding teeth are brachyodont, but in the existing genera they have higher crowns than in the Tertiary progenitors of the family, and in the Axis and Hog Deer of India (_Axis axis_ and _A. porcinus_) the molars are quite hypsodont. As was shown in Chapter V, the existing deer of North America are of two kinds: (1) the northern, which are plainly of Old World origin and so closely similar to Old World species that many naturalists deny the necessity of making distinct species for the American forms. The best known of these are the Wapiti (_Cervus canadensis_), the Caribou (_Rangifer caribou_) and the Moose (_Alce americanus_). (2) The southern deer, of which the common Virginia Deer (_Odocoileus virginianus_) is a familiar example, though overlapping in their range that of the northern genera, are peculiar to the Americas, and, though not exactly autochthonous, they must have had a long American ancestry. In the Pleistocene we find the same genera and mostly the same species, their distribution over the continent shifting in accordance with the many climatic changes of that epoch. There was, however, at least one Pleistocene genus (_†Cervalces_) different from any now living and different from any known in the eastern hemisphere. The most complete specimen of this animal is a skeleton in the museum of Princeton University, found beneath a bog in northern New Jersey, though other bones, collected in Kentucky and elsewhere, are very probably referable to it. _†Cervalces_ was very nearly related to the Moose, the neck, body, limbs and feet being almost identical in the two genera, but the skull and antlers were notably different; the nasal bones were not nearly so much shortened as in the Moose, indicating that the proboscis-like snout was not so large or inflated as in the latter. The antlers were quite unique; though in general like those of the Moose, they were much less palmated and they had, in addition, a great trumpet-like plate of bone on the lower side of each antler (see Fig. 117, p. 209), such as occurs in no other known member of the family. Although _†Cervalces_ has not been found in the Old World, it was almost certainly an immigrant from eastern Asia.