In conclusion, it may be observed that epic poetry did not receive adequate critical treatment in England until after the introduction of the French influence. The rules and theories of the Italian Renaissance, restated in the writings of Le Bossu, Mambrun, Rapin, and Vossius, were thus brought into English criticism, and found perhaps their best expression in Addison's essays on _Paradise Lost_. Such epics as Davenant's _Gondibert_, Chamberlayne's _Pharonnida_, Dryden's _Annus Mirabilis_, and Blackmore's _Prince Arthur_, like the French epics of the same period, doubtless owed their inspiration to the desire to put into practice the classical rules of heroic poetry.[535] FOOT-NOTES: [499] _Scholemaster_, p. 139. [500] Haslewood, ii. 40. [501] Puttenham, p. 47 _sq._ [502] _Ibid._ p. 41. [503] _Ibid._ p. 49. [504] Ascham, _Works_, ii. 189. [505] _Defence_, p. 47 _sq._ [506] _Defence_, p. 28. This is the Elizabethan equivalent for Aristotle's _katharsis_ of "pity and terror." [507] _Cf._ Scaliger, _Poet._ i. 7. [508] _Defence_, p. 50. [509] Breitinger, p. 37. [510] _Discoveries_, p. 81. [511] _Works_, i. 69. [512] _Works_, i. 272. [513] _Cf._ Bacon, _De Augm. Scient._ iii. 13; and Ascham, _Scholemaster_, p. 130. [514] He seems also to allude to the theory of _katharsis_ in the _Reason of Church Government_; _Prose Works_, ii. 479. [515] _Defence_, p. 28. [516] _Ibid._ p. 50 _sq._ _Cf._ Trissino, _Opere_, ii. 127 _sq._; and Cicero, _De Orat._ ii. 58 _sq._ [517] _Works_, i. 2. [518] _Ibid._ i. 335. [519] _Discoveries_, p. 82. [520] _Poet._ v. 1. [521] _Cf._ Twining, i. 320 _sq._, and Kames, _Elements of Criticism_, vol. i. chap. 7. [522] _Cf._ Jonson, _Works_, i. 67 and 31. [523] _Defence_, p. 48; _cf._ Castelvetro, _Poetica_, pp. 168, 534. [524] _Cf._ Whetstone, _Promos and Cassandra_ (1578), cited in Ward, _Dram. Lit._ i. 118; also, Jonson, _Works_, i. 2, 70; Cervantes, _Don Quix._ i. 48; Boileau, _Art Poet._ iii. 39. In the theory of the drama, Sidney's point of view coincides very closely with that of Cervantes. [525] _Discoveries_, p. 83. [526] _Works_, i. 337. [527] _Discoveries_, p. 85. [528] _Essay of Dram. Poesy_, p. 118. [529] Haslewood, ii. 45. [530] Puttenham, p. 40. [531] _Ibid._ p. 54. [532] _Defence_, p. 30. [533] Haslewood, ii. 140 _sq._ [534] _Cf._ Minturno, _Arte Poetica_, p. 71; and Ronsard, _Oeuvres_, iii. 19. [535] _Cf._ Dryden, _Discourse on Satire_, in _Works_, xiii. 37. CHAPTER IV CLASSICAL ELEMENTS IN ELIZABETHAN CRITICISM I. _Introductory: Romantic Elements_