[361] _Ibid._, p. 25. [362] _Ibid._, p. 23. [363] See Vitruvius, Book VIII, chapters 2-4, on “Rain-water,” “Various Properties of Different Waters,” and “Tests of Good Water.” Pliny, NH, Book XXXI, chapters 21-23, on “The Wholesomeness of Waters,” “The Impurities of Water,” “Modes of Testing Water.” [364] _Causae et curae_ (1903), p. 27. [365] _Ibid._, p. 28. [366] Vitruvius held that rain-water was unusually wholesome, but Pliny disputed this notion. [367] _Causae et curae_ (1903), p. 30, “si quis eam bibit, ulcera et scabies in eo saepissime crescunt ac viscera eius livore implentur.” Pliny noted the belief that ice-water and snow-water were unhealthy, and both he (XXXVII, 11) and Vitruvius speak of Alpine streams which cause diseases or swellings in the throat. [368] _Causae et curae_ (1903), pp. 24-25. [369] _Causae et curae_ (1903), p. 26. [370] Both Vitruvius and Pliny mention the practice, and the latter calls it an invention of the emperor Nero. A note, however, in Bostock and Riley’s translation of the _Natural History_ states that Galen ascribed the practice to Hippocrates and that Aristotle was undoubtedly acquainted with it. When Pliny goes on to say, “Indeed, it is generally admitted that all water is more wholesome when it has been boiled,” another translator’s note adds, “This is not at all the opinion at the present day,” that is, 1856. But apparently the progress of medical and biological science since 1856 has been in this respect a retrogression to Pliny’s view. [371] _Causae et curae_ (1903), p. 1. Somewhat similarly Moses Maimonides, the Jewish philosopher, who was born thirty-seven years after Hildegard, held that evil was mere privation and that the personal devil of scripture was an allegorical representation thereof. He also denied the existence of demons, but considered belief in angels as second only in importance to a belief in God. See Finkelscherer (1894) pp. 40-51; Mischna Commentary to Aboda-zara, IV, 7; Lévy (1911) 89-90. [372] _Causae et curae_ (1903), p. 11. [373] _Ibid._, p. 5. [374] _Causae et curae_, pp. 57-58. [375] _Subtleties_, VIII, 1. [376] _Ibid._, I, 56. [377] _Ibid._, III, 25. [378] _Ibid._, V, 1 and 4. [379] _Ibid._, IV, 10. [380] _Ibid._, IX, 8. [381] Migne, 387-9. [382] (1903) p. 57. [383] II, 1, “Querela elementorum. ‘Nam homines pravis operibus suis velut molendinum subvertunt nos.’” III, 23, “Quod elementa humanis iniquitatibus subvertuntur.” [384] Migne, 966. [385] (1903), p. 143. [386] Migne, 404-405. [387] Vision III, Migne, 410. [388] Vision X, 28 and 32, Migne, 1028 and 1032. [389] Pitra (1882) _Vitae meritorum_, V, 6-7. [390] _Vitae meritorum_, V, 32. [391] _Causae et curae_ (1903) 31-32. [392] _Subtleties_, VIII, 6. [393] _Subtleties_, I, 56. [394] _Ibid._, III, 23. [395] (1903), p. 196. [396] IV, 2. [397] _Subtleties_, I, 114. [398] _Ibid._, III, 23. [399] _Ibid._, I, 56. [400] _Subtleties_, IV, 18. [401] _Ibid._, IV, 1. [402] _Ibid._, IV, 16.