[213] “Et imo opus erat (fuit) scientia que hoc totum ostendit scilicet per quam veniremus ad huiusmodi permutationis scientiam (perveniremus ad scientiam huius permutationis) qualiter fiat et que sint eius actiones nocentes (occasiones et cause et quomodo possemus removere has occasiones nocentes) cum vellemus repellere et quomodo cum vellemus possemus eas augere. Hec igitur scientia fuit scientia de naturis que est scientia de actione et passione.” The passages in parentheses are the variant readings in one of the two MSS. [214] For the passages cited in this paragraph see Baur, 6, 115, 119-21. [215] Baur, who lists MSS of the work at p. 368 and presents an analysis of it at pp. 369-75, gives the title as _De ortu et divisione philosophiae_, but the two 13th century MSS at Oxford, Balliol 3 and Merton 261, seem to prefer the form which I have given. I have looked through the text in Balliol 3, a beautifully written MS, but, in view of Kilwardby’s date, scarcely of the early 13th century, as it is described in the catalogue. Hauréau regarded the work as clear, accurate, and worth printing. [216] Cap. 40. [217] Cap. 67. [218] Listed by Steinschneider (1905), pp. 62-6. [219] C. H. Haskins, in EHR (1911), 26, 491 note. [220] See page 75 of this chapter, note 2. [221] Cotton, Appendix VI. [222] For the biography and bibliography of Robert of Chester see L. C. Karpinski, _Robert of Chester’s Latin Translation of the Algebra of Al-Khowarizmi_, New York, 1915, especially pp. 26-32; C. H. Haskins, _The Reception of Arabic Science in England_, EHR 30 (1915), 62-5; Steinschneider (1905), pp. 67-73. [223] Karpinski (1915), pp. 26, 29-30. [224] See above, chapter 30, I, 702-3. Besides the articles of Clerval and Haskins there mentioned we may note A. A. Björnbo, _Hermannus Dalmata als Uebersetzer astronomischer Arbeiten_, in _Bibliotheca Mathematica_, VI (1903), third series, pp. 130-3. [225] Steinschneider (1905), pp. 32-5. He says, “Hermannus Alemannus, oder Teutonicus, Germanicus, soll um 1240-1260 Lehrer des Roger Bacon in Toledo (?) gewesen sein,” but I do not know where he gets the notion that Hermann was Roger’s teacher. The following works ascribed to Hermannus Theutonicus by Denifle (1886), p. 231,--and not mentioned by Steinschneider--seem to indicate another person of that name: “(41) fr. Hermannus Theutonicus de Cerwist (Zerbst) scripsit postillam super cantica; (50) fr. Hermannus Theutonicus scripsit librum de ascensu cordis. Item super Cantica. Item de arte precandi.” In Vienna 2507, 13th century, fols. 85-123, an Ars dictandi is attributed to “Magistri Heremanni.” On the part taken by Hermannus Alemannus in the translation of Aristotle in the thirteenth century see further Grabmann (1916), pp. 208-12, 217-22, etc., where translations of his are connected with the dates 1240 and 1254.