A History of Matrimonial Institutions, Vol. 1 of 3Howard, George Elliott
History
A History of Matrimonial Institutions, Vol. 1 of 3
Howard, George Elliott
Families; Marriage -- History
[280] "Abweichend von anderen Tieren leben die meisten Vögel
in geschlossener Ehe auf Lebenszeit und nur wenige von ihnen,
gleich den Säugetieren, in Vielweiberei oder richtiger
Vielehigkeit, da eine Vielweiberei einzig und allein bei den
Straussen stattzufinden scheint. Das Pärchen, welches sich einmal
vereinigte, hält während des ganzen Lebens treuinnig zusammen,
und nur ausnahmsweise geschiet es, dass einer der Gatten die
Gesetze einer geschlossenen Ehe missachtet." But since there
are more males than females, the husband often has to fight
for the retention of his wife, though in exceptional cases she
aids him in repelling the aggressor. The wife is sometimes too
ready to follow the victor, and in some cases the widow is very
easily consoled. "Vögel, deren Männchen getötet wurde, waren
schon eine halbe Stunde später wieder verehelicht; der zweite
Gespons wurde ebenfalls ein Opfer seiner Feinde: und dieselben
Weibchen nahmen ohne Bedenken flugs einen dritten Gatten an.
Die Männchen legen gewöhnlich viel tiefere Trauer um den
Verlust ihrer Gattin an den Tag, wahrscheinlich aber nur weil
es ihnen ungleich schwerer wird als den Weibchen, wieder einen
Ehegenossen zu erwerben."--BREHM, _op. cit._, IV, 20,
21. For very interesting examples of marriage and the family
among birds, see HELLWALD, _op. cit._, 26 ff., 38; and
compare WUNDT, _Menschen und Thierseele_, 448 ff.; and
ESPINAS, _Des sociétés animales_, 417 ff., 439.
[281] BREHM, _Bird-Life_, 324; WESTERMARCK,
_op. cit._, 11, 482, 502.
With the lower mammals the union of the sexes is generally of short
duration, often only for a single birth, though in several species
the parents remain together even after the arrival of the young.
But among the higher members examples of monogamic marriage are
not infrequent, such being the case with animals of prey.[282] As
a rule, the quadrumana live in pairs. Gorillas, however, are said
sometimes to be polygynous. "According to Dr. Savage, they live in
bands, and all his informants agree in the assertion that but one
adult male is seen in every band."[283] But monogamy is perhaps
most common. M. du Chaillu declares that he found "almost always
one male with one female, though sometimes the old male wanders
companionless."[284] The orang-utan and the chimpanzee, like the
gorilla, also live in families.[285] Of a truth, promiscuity is far
from universal in the pre-human stage.
[282] HELLWALD, _op. cit._, 25, 26.
[283] _Description of Troglodytes Gorilla_, 9 ff.;
WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 13.
[284] DU CHAILLU, _Explorations and Adventures in
Equatorial Africa_, 349; WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 14.
But see HELLWALD, _op. cit._, 23.
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