an animal higher in the organic series. So the fact of the family is consummated according to the necessity of cosmic laws governing a great part of the reproductive and social activity of the animal kingdom."[295] [290] For the social systems among animals, even insects, see SCHÄFFLE, _Bau und Leben des socialen Körpers_, 20 ff.; WUNDT, _Menschen und Tierseele_, 369 ff., 447 ff.; GROOS, _Spiele der Thiere_, 147 ff., 162 ff., 230 ff.; and especially ESPINAS, _op. cit._, 207 ff., 274 ff., 458 ff., 543 ff. Compare HOUZEAU, _Étude sur les facultés mentales des animaux_; and the other authors on this subject cited in Bibliographical Note III. [291] _Op. cit._, 20; _cf._ KEANE, _Ethnology_, 9, taking the same view. [292] SCHOOLCRAFT, _Indian Tribes_, IV, 224. [293] POWERS, _Tribes of California_, 206. Similar evidence is furnished by Corbusier: "For two years in succession I observed that in August and September the women solicited the attentions of the men, and an unusual number of couples were seen with their heads hidden in a blanket caressing each other. The majority of the children were born in the spring."--"The Apache-Yumas and Apache-Mojaves," _Am. Antiquarian_, VIII, 330. [294] WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 20, 24-38, cites the literature. On the pairing seasons among men and animals, see also HELLWALD, _op. cit._, 127 ff.; KULISCHER, in _ZFE._, VIII, 149 ff.; and MUCKE, _op. cit._, 67 ff. The pairing season appears to be the result of natural selection, a device of nature to make sure that the young shall be born at a time most favorable to their sustenance and survival. [295] VIGNOLI, _Ueber das Fundamentalgesetz des Intelligenz im Thierreiche_: translated from HELLWALD, _Die mensch. Familie_, 42.