[298] "The family is therefore distinguished from the family group and the clan as a group of kinsfolk established by contract, and only in a subsidiary sense by the tie of blood between parents and children."--_Op. cit._, 13. With Starcke's view compare that of Posada, who uses the suggestive word _symbiose_ (_convivencia_) to express the totality of influences concerned in the origin of society. He says: "En somme, d'après tout ce qui vient d'être dit, la société humaine ne peut pas être considérée comme ayant eu la familie pour origine. A la force _instinctive_ du sang, au fait nécessaire et primitif de l'union sexuelle, il faut ajouter et combiner la _symbiose_, qui tend à devenir territoriale, et résulte du besoin fondamental de la conservation: elle implique la coopération universelle et la vie de relation, déterminée par le plaisir, par la sympathie, par la nécessité de faire face aux exigences d'autres hommes; elle implique aussi la coopération universelle, non plus de mari à femme, ni de père à fils, mais d'homme à homme."--_Théories modernes_, 99, 100, 96, 81 ff., _passim_. [299] WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 20-22. [300] _Ibid._, 22 ff., 379, 535. On these customs, often taken as evidences of former promiscuity, compare LIPPERT, _Geschichte der Familie_, 6, 7; and the examples in _ZVR._, V, 353; XI, 135, 136. As a result of the first argument, then, marriage appears as a fundamental institution, whose beginnings are anterior to the dawn of human history. But there is need of a new definition, one broad enough to satisfy the demands of science. For most existing definitions are of a "merely juridical or ethical nature, comprehending either what is required to make the union legal, or what, in the eye of an idealist, the union ought to be." Hence Westermarck defines marriage, from a scientific point of view, as a "more or less durable connection between male and female, lasting beyond the mere act of propagation till after the birth of offspring;" and Starcke, in like spirit, declares that marriage in the widest sense is "only a connection between man and woman which is of more than momentary duration, and as long as it endures they seek for subsistence in common."[301]