[334] _Studies_, I, 88, 83-146; _Patriarchal Theory_, chap. xiii. In general, on kinship in the female line, compare HELLWALD, _Die mensch. Familie_, 124, 150 ff., 239, 456-58; LIPPERT, _Die Geschichte der Familie_, 4 ff., 8 ff.; _Kulturgeschichte_, II, 90 ff., _passim_; DARGUN, Mutterrecht und Raubehe, 1 ff., 13, 17; _Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht_, 1 ff., 43 ff.; GIRAUD-TEULON, _Origines_, 131 ff.; POST, _Geschlechtsg._, 88 ff., 94 ff.; _Familienrecht_, 7 ff.; _Ursprung_, 37 ff.; _Anfänge_, 10 ff.; _Afrikanische Jurisprudenz_, I, 13 ff.; KOHLER, _Zur Urgeschichte der Ehe_, 53 ff.; KOVALEVSKY, _Tableau_, 7 ff.; TYLOR, _On a Method_, 252 ff.; WILKEN, _Das Matriarchat_, 3 ff.; SMITH, _Kinship and Marriage_, 131 ff., 151 ff.; LUBBOCK, _Origin of Civilization_, 149 ff.; MORGAN, _Ancient Society_, 63 ff., 153-83, 344 ff. All the foregoing writers sustain in the main McLennan's and Bachofen's principal assumptions. On the other hand, they are rejected or criticised by SPENCER, _Principles of Sociology_, I, 665 ff.; WAKE, _Marriage and Kinship_, chaps. viii, ix, x; BERNHÖFT, in _ZVR._, VIII, 4 ff.; MAINE, _Early Law and Custom_, chap, vii; FRIEDRICHS, in _ZVR._, VIII, 370-83; X, 189 ff.; SCHURMAN, _Ethical Import of Darwinism_, 223; STARCKE, _Primitive Family_, 1-120; WESTERMARCK, _Human Marriage_, 96-113. HILDEBRAND, _Ueber das Problem_, 28-31, holds that the earlier mother-right gave place to the paternal system under influence of property. See also LETOURNEAU, _L'évolution_, 424, 377 ff., who believes that the maternal system is more archaic, but does not imply promiscuity; MUCKE, _Horde und Familie_, 114 ff., _passim_; and KAUTSKY, _Entstehung der Ehe_, 256 ff., 338 ff., who holds that the systems were independently developed; GROSSE, _Die Formen der Familie_, 48 ff., 61, who believes it possible that the two systems may have been worked out side by side and that they are not necessarily successive phases of development. [335] _Palauinseln_ (1873), 320, 119, 181; KOHLER, in _ZVR._, VI, 327. [336] FRIEDRICHS, "Ueber den Ursprung des Matriarchats," _ZVR._, VIII, 374, 375. [337] _Das Weib_, I, 172 ff., 179 ff. See also his _Das Kind_, I, 383 ff.; and compare FRIEDRICHS, _op. cit._, 375, 376; HELLWALD, _op. cit._, 343. While not denying that uncertainty of fatherhood may have been influential in some cases, Spencer argues that without this assumption it is perfectly natural that the child should be named from the mother with whom it spends its early life; and where exogamy prevails the custom would become a convenient rule for determining who are marriageable women within the group; for the "requirement that a wife shall be taken from a foreign tribe readily becomes confounded with the requirement that a wife shall be of foreign blood."[338] [338] _Principles of Sociology_, I, 665, 666.