[466] See STARCKE'S masterly summary in chapter vii, "Marriage and its Development," who reaches the conclusion presented in the text. WESTERMARCK, chaps. xxi, xxii, xxiv, obtains practically the same result. Compare also WAKE, _op. cit._, chap. xii, who holds that group-marriage in the Australian and Punaluan forms is the original type of marriage. Then follow polyandry and polygyny; and these are in turn superseded by monogamy. HELLWALD, _Die mensch. Familie_, 389, declares that polyandry and polygyny are the rule, and in this sense more "natural" than monogamy. [467] WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 505, 506. [468] MORGAN, _Systems of Consanguinity_, 477. [469] WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 507, 508. [470] _Ibid._, 509. [471] STARCKE, _op. cit._, 264, 265, 255, 258, 259. For a full understanding of the evolution, which has here been sketched in outline, there remains, however, a fact of primary importance to which but casual reference has thus far been made: the element of contract in the marriage relation. This fact will receive some consideration in the next chapter. CHAPTER IV RISE OF THE MARRIAGE CONTRACT [BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE IV.--The literature for this chapter may be more briefly indicated, since it is largely identical with the authorities mentioned in Bibliographical notes I, II, and III. The researches of Starcke, Westermarck, Darwin, Letourneau, and Wake are of primary importance, and marriage by capture and purchase are of course essential parts of McLennan's _Studies_ I and II, and the _Patriarchal Theory_. Particularly valuable are the monographs of Dargun, _Mutterrecht und Raubehe_ and his _Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht_; Kulischer, "Intercommunale Ehe durch Raub und Kauf," in _ZFE._, VIII; Kohler, "Studien über Frauengemeinschaft, Frauenraub, und Frauenkauf," _ibid._, V; Kautsky, "Entstehung der Ehe und der Familie," in _Kosmos_, XII; and Schroeder, _Hochzeitsbräuche der Esten_ (Berlin, 1888), containing a description of many curious "survivals." A mass of miscellaneous information relating to marriage customs may also be found in Schmidt, _Hochzeiten in Thüringen_ (Weimar, 1863); Wood, _The Wedding Day_ (New York, 1869); and especially in the _Hochzeitsbuch_ of Düringsfeld (Leipzig, 1871). For a full and systematic treatment of the matrimonial law and usage of many low races see the various books by Post, especially his _Entwicklungsgeschichte des Familienrechts_, _Anfänge des Staats- und Rechtsleben_, and the _Afrikanische Jurisprudenz_.