[661] WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 168-82, holds that tattooing is primarily a means of sexual attraction. The same is true of circumcision, 201-6; and of clothing, 186-212. The facts "appear to prove that the feeling of shame, far from being the original cause of man's covering his body, is, on the contrary, a result of this custom." When not due to climate, it "owes its origin, at least in a great many cases, to the desire of men and women to make themselves mutually attractive," 211. But see HELLWALD, _Die mensch. Familie_, 60-96, who ascribes clothing, not to shame, but the love of ornament; and FINCK, _Primitive Love_, 247 ff., who entirely rejects Westermarck's view, alleging, as a matter of fact, that tattooing "has had from the earliest recorded times more than a dozen practical purposes, and that its use as a stimulant of the passion of the opposite sex probably never occurred to a savage until it was suggested to him by a philosophizing visitor." On circumcision see KOHLER, in _ZVR._, XI, 429, 430; VI, 417-19, reviewing WILKEN, _De besnijdenis bij de volken van den Indischen Archipel_ (1885); PLOSS, _Das Kind_, I, 342 ff., 367 ff.; HELLWALD, _op. cit._, 362; LIPPERT, _Kulturgeschichte_, II, 317, who believes circumcision originated as a form of expiation. CRAWLEY, _Mystic Rose_, 135 ff., regards tattooing, circumcision, and other mutilations, not as ornaments, but as "practically" amulets or charms to secure the safety of organs and functions. [662] This conclusion of Westermarck is disputed by FINCK, _op. cit._, 261 ff. [663] WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 173 ff., 182 ff. _Cf._ DARWIN, _op. cit._, 577 ff., 597 ff., who thinks women among savages are fonder of ornament than men; but the context shows that he does not refer to our "progenitors." [664] WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 253. DARWIN, _op. cit._, chap. xx, 596 ff., holds this view, in the case of the "secondary sexual characters," for our "progenitors." [665] SPENCER, _op. cit._, I, 747; _cf._ WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 273, 277, 278. [666] That standards of beauty depend upon racial difference is urged by WESTERMARCK, chap. xii, especially 273 ff., against DARWIN, _op. cit._, chap. xx, 595-99, who holds that racial differences are due to different standards of beauty. On female beauty and ideals of beauty among all races see PLOSS'S full and interesting discussion: _Das Weib_, I, 59-124.