[874] On the morning-gift and dower see HEUSLER, _Institutionen_, II, 374-79; THRUPP, _The Anglo-Saxon Home_, 60; GUNDLING, _De emptione uxorum, dote et morgengaba_ (Helmstedt, 1821); GENGLER, _Die Morgengaba_ (Bamberg, 1843); ECKHARDT, "Das Witthum," _Zeitschrift für deutsches Recht_, X, 437 ff.; GRUPEN, _De uxore theotisca_, 49-140; BRUNNER, "Die frankisch-romanische Dos," _Berliner Sitzungsber._, XXIV, 545 ff.; SIEGEL, _Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte_, 455-57; FRIEDBERG, "Zur Geschichte," _ZKR._, I, 365, 366; SPIRGATIS, _Verlobung und Vermählung_, 14; SCHROEDER, _Güterrecht_, I, 84-94 ZOEPFL, _Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte_, III, 19-21. [875] SCHROEDER, _Güterrecht_, I, 84-89. [876] _Ibid._, 89-94. [877] GLANVILLE, Lib. VI, cap. 1; PHILLIPS, _Englische Reichs- und Rechtsgeschichte_, II, 381. Compare SCHROEDER, _op. cit._, I, 89; II, 24-67, _passim_; YOUNG, in _Essays_, 174; LABOULAYE, _Cond. des femmes_, 117 ff., 124 ff.; GRIMM, _Rechtsalt._, 441; and especially the monograph of ASHWORTH, _Das Witthum (Dower) im eng. Recht_, 9 ff., 18 ff. This third phase of the _beweddung_ may be clearly discerned in the English laws of the pre-Norman period, and seems to have been the prevailing form after the beginning of the tenth century. The following formulary, dating perhaps from the reign of Eadmund or Æthelstan, besides its peculiar interest as being the earliest English betrothal ritual extant, is an excellent example of the formal contract, though some of its provisions are not clear: "1. If a man desire to betroth a maiden or a widow, and it so be agreeable to her and her friends, then it is right that the bridegroom, according to the law of God, and according to the customs of the world, first promise and give a 'wed' to those who are her 'foresprecas,' that he desire her in such wise that he will keep her, according to God's law, as a husband shall his wife: and let his friends guarantee that. "2. After that, it is to be known to whom the 'foster-laen'[878] belongs: let the bridegroom again give a 'wed' for this: and let his friends guarantee it. "3. Then, after that, let the bridegroom declare what he will grant her, in case she choose his will, and what he will grant her, if she live longer than he. "4. If it be so agreed, then it is right that she be entitled to half the property, and to all, if they have children in common, except she again choose a husband.[879] "5. Let him confirm all that which he has promised with a 'wed;' and let his friends guarantee that. "6. If they then are agreed in everything, then let the kinsmen take it in hand, and betroth their kinswoman to wife, and to a righteous life, to him who desired her, and let him take possession of the 'bohr'[880] who has control of the 'wed.'