severely criticised by Hellwald, whose _Menschliche Familie_ (Leipzig, 1889) is one of the most original contributions to our subject. This was preceded by the same writer's _Kulturgeschichte_ (3d ed., Augsburg, 1883). Important monographs are Bobbio, _Sulle origine e sul fondamento della famiglia_ (Turin, 1891); and the clear summary of Th. Achelis, _Die Entwicklung der Ehe_ (Berlin, 1893); which may be read in connection with Dr. A. Achelis's "Geschlechtsgenossenschaft," in _Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde_, No. 148 (Berlin, 1890). Of service also in connection with various topics are Cunow, "Die ökonomischen Grundlagen der Mutterherrschaft," in _Neue Zeit_, No. 4, XVI. Jahrg., I. Band (Stuttgart, 1897); Ploss, "Ueber das Heirathsalter der Frauen bei verschiedenen Völkern," in _Mittheilungen der Ver. für Erdkunde_, 1872 (Leipzig, 1873); Redslob, _Levirats-Ehe bei den Hebräern_ (Leipzig, 1836); Danks, "Marriage Customs of the New Britain Group," in _Journal of Anth. Inst._, XVIII, No. 3; Roth, "Significance of the Couvade," _ibid._, XXII (London, 1893); Peal, "On the 'Morong,' as Possibly a Relic of Pre-Marriage Communism," _ibid._, XXII; Ellis, "On Polyandry," in _Pop. Sci. Monthly_, October, 1891; _idem_, _Tschi-Speaking Peoples_ (London, 1887); _idem_, _Ewe-Speaking Peoples_ (London, 1890); Brouardel, _L'infanticide_ (Paris, 1897); Frazer, _Totemism_ (Edinburgh, 1887); Peet, "Tribal Records in the Effigies," in _Am. Antiquarian_, XV (Chicago, 1893); Lubbock, "Social and Religious Condition of the Lower Races of Man," _Rep. Smith. Inst._, 1869 (Washington, 1872); Stricker, "Untersuchungen über die kriegerischen Weiber," in _Archiv für Anthropologie_, V; his _Amazonen in Sage und Geschichte_ (Berlin, 1868); Avery, "Races of the Indo-Pacific Oceans," in _Am. Antiquarian_, VI (Chicago, 1884); Greenwood, _The Wild Man at Home_ (London, n. d.); Peschel, _Races of Man_ (London, 1889); Zmigrodski's interesting _Die Mutter bei den Völkern des arischen Stammes_ (Munich, 1886); Peet, "Houses and House-Life among the Pre-Historic Races," in _Am. Antiquarian_, X (Chicago, 1888), taking the same general view as Morgan; and his "Earliest Abodes of Men," _ibid._, XV (Chicago, 1893). To bring criticism down to date read Tillier's able and suggestive book _Le mariage: sa genèse, son évolution_ (Paris, 1898); Tylor, "The Matriarchal Family," in _Nineteenth Century_, XL, 81 (July, 1896); Kohler, _Zur Urgeschichte der Ehe_ (Stuttgart, 1897); Giddings, _Principles of Sociology_ (New York and London, 1896); and especially the discussions of the matriarchate, the forms of marriage, and similar topics by Abrikossoff, Westermarck, Letourneau, Kovalevski, and others in _Annales de l'institut international_ (Paris, 1896).