[108] FRIEDRICHS, "Familienstufen und Eheformen," _ZVR._, X, 190, 191, rejects the use of _Mutterrecht_ as being practically of "no significance," preferring _Matriarchat_ (from ἄρχειν = "to lead") to denote the uterine system of relationship; and _Gynaikokratie_, "gynocracy" (from κρατεĩν = "to rule") to express the idea of the domination of women over men. "Gynocracy" is used to express this idea by the Jesuit LAFITAU (_Mœurs des sauvages_, 1724), borrowed from STRABO (_Geogr._, lib. iii); PESCHEL, _Races of Man_, 234; PLOSS, _Das Kind_, II, 393. MUCKE, _Horde und Familie_, 108 ff., 114 ff., 174 ff., _passim_, rejects the use of _Mutterrecht_ and _Vaterrecht_, and adopts the terms "gynocratic" and "androcratic" family; but these designations had already been employed by other writers, _e. g._, by PLOSS, _op. cit._, II, 393-96. "Metrocracy" also appears: WESTERMARCK, _Human Marriage_, 98. But Dargun's use of _Mutterrecht_ and _Vaterrecht_ to express maternal or paternal kinship, and _Matriarchat_ and _Patriarchat_ to express maternal or paternal power, seems preferable, in order to avoid confusing the two conceptions; see above, chap. i, p. 21. Compare further GROSSE, _Die Formen der Familie_, 11, who uses _Mutterfolge_ and _Vaterfolge_ respectively as opposed to _Matriarchat_ and _Patriarchat_; also HELLWALD, _Die mensch. Familie_, 122-24, who gives definitions of "marriage" and "family;" and WESTERMARCK, "Le matriarcat," _Annales_, 115 ff., who shows that in practice writers have used "matriarchate" in three senses. [109] _Les origines du mariage_, 302-28. [110] LIPPERT, _Geschichte der Familie_, 17; UNGER, _Die Ehe_, 9. See also GUMPLOWICZ, _Grundriss der Sociologie_, Abschnitt III, who holds that a period of gynocracy preceded the androcratic stage; BARAZETTI, in _ZVR._, IX, 304-7. See also GAGE, _Woman, Church, and State_, 13 ff. [111] KAUTSKY, "Die Entstehung der Ehe und Familie," _Kosmos_, XII, 343, 344. [112] PESCHEL, _Races of Man_, 233, 234. [113] TYLOR, _Method of Investigating Institutions_, 252. [114] LETOURNEAU, in _Annales de l'institut international_, 155: "Le mot [matriarcat] doit disparaître, parceque la chose n'a jamais existé." [115] HELLWALD, _Die mensch. Familie_, 213 ff. But this author (112 ff., 116) shows that among primitive men the sexes were not fully differentiated; so that women often possessed "amazonian" characteristics. [116] GROSSE, _Die Formen der Familie_, 48, 161 ff., 176 ff., 183. According to Grosse, among the lowest existing races patriarchalism prevails. Examples of women exercising political authority in the clan (_Sippe_) are exceedingly rare, although such may be found occasionally, as among the Huron and Iroquois, and some other peoples. [117] KOHLER, "Die Ehe mit und ohne Mundium," _ZVR._, VI, 328, 329. _Cf._ POWELL, "Wyandot Government," _I. Rep. of Bureau of Eth._, 59-69.