Gradually, however, in the endogamous mother-group a horror of incest, of inbreeding, arises, thus leading to exogamy, which is often facilitated by the stealing of women from surrounding groups. The obtaining of foreign women next produces the clan system. Private property in land and movables arises, especially among those peoples which have attained to settled life and a knowledge of agriculture. In this way the "primitive family" enters upon its second stage--that of the matriarchate. Here we find for the first time forms of marriage and the family properly so called, although rudimentary as compared with the modern institutions. The mother ceases to be merely the center of the common life; she is now the social axis around which everything revolves. Mother-right, implying kinship as well as succession to name and property exclusively in the maternal line, becomes fully established. The matriarchate, unlike the simple mother-group, is not a universal phase through which all mankind has run. In some cases the agnatic system or father-right may have followed immediately upon the earlier stage of mother-right. Incident to the matriarchate are the polygynous and polyandrous forms of the family. With these the institution of property grew apace; and so we reach the paternal system, whose triumph is powerfully aided by wife-capture. In this stage, whatever be the form of social union--whether it be called _gens_, _sippe_, or joint-family--it rests upon the authority of the father or patriarchal lord. Following Lippert,[172] the author prefers for this patriarchal group the name "old family" (_Altfamilie_); and he finds its most famous examples in Hellas and Rome. Here monogamy gained the victory; and so, under the influence mainly of Stoicism and Christianity, the foundations of modern marriage and the individual family were laid.[173] [165] For LIPPERT's development of the family see his _Geschichte der Familie_, and especially his excellent _Kulturgeschichte_, I, 71-90; II, 1-165, 505-54. [166] HELLWALD, _Die mensch. Familie_, 121, 122, 126. "Was Platz griff, war wohl ungeregelte Polygamie, welche aber ziemlich naturgemäss Polyandrie nach sich zieht, und aus dieser Vermischung jenen ehelosen Geschlechtsverkehr schuf, für welchen noch die richtige Benennung fehlt."--_Ibid._, 129. [167] _Ibid._, 146, 150; LIPPERT, _Kulturgeschichte_, I, 76; _idem_, _Geschichte der Familie_, 20. [168] HELLWALD, _op. cit._, 150; FRERICHS, _Zur Naturgeschichte des Menschen_, 103, 104; _cf._ LIPPERT, _op. cit._, I, 76. [169] HELLWALD, _op. cit._, 151. [170] _Ibid._, 151; DARGUN, _Mutterrecht und Raubehe_, 3; BACHOFEN, _Mutterrecht_, as above quoted. [171] HELLWALD, _op. cit._, 158 ff., accepting MORGAN'S main conclusions in his _Systems of Consanguinity_; and opposing SCHNEIDER, _Die Naturvölker_, II, 474-77.