[244] _Ibid._, I, 93 ff., 97, 133 ff.; II, 47-56; _Patriarchal Theory_, 267 ff. In general, on polyandry, see MARSHALL, _A Phrenologist amongst the Todas_, 190-232; STARCKE, _op. cit._, 128-40, 77 ff., _passim_; SMITH, _Kinship and Marriage_, 121 ff., 277-79; FISON AND HOWITT, _op. cit._, 144 ff.; WAKE, _op. cit._, 134-78, Index; GIRAUD-TEULON, _Origines du mariage_, 150 ff., 434 ff.; WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, chaps, xx-xxii, 3, 115-17, 547-49; MAYNE, _Hindu Law and Usage_, 60 ff.; SPENCER, _Principles of Sociology_, I, 672-81, 641 ff.; LUBBOCK, _Origin of Civilization_, 79, 143 ff.; SCHMIDT, _Jus primae noctis_, 35, 36, 319, 320; POST, _Familienrecht_, 54-63; _idem_, _Afrikanische Jurisprudenz_, I, 40, 303; _idem_, _Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft_, 16 ff.; LETOURNEAU, _L'évolution du mariage_, 40, 49, 90-109; MASON, _Woman's Share in Primitive Culture_, 221, 222; MAINE, _Early Law and Custom_, 106, 123, 200; FRIEDRICHS, "Ursprung des Matriarchats," _ZVR._, VIII, 371 ff.; _idem_, "Familienstufen und Eheformen," _ibid._, X, 257, 258; MUCKE, _op. cit._, 181-38; KAUTSKY, "Entstehung der Ehe und Familie," _Kosmos_, XII, 258, 264, 344-48; BERNHÖFT, in _ZVR._, IX, 12 ff.; KOHLER, _op. cit._, 143; GROSSE, _Die Formen der Familie_, 117 ff.; HELLWALD, _op. cit._, 241-61; SCHNEIDER, _Die Naturvölker_, II, 459 ff.; ACHELIS, _Entwicklung der Ehe_, 28 ff.; ELLIS, in _Pop. Sci. Monthly_, Oct., 1891. [245] MCLENNAN believes this form to be wide-spread. It is found in Ceylon, among the Kasias and Saporogian Cossacks, and elsewhere. The higher and lower forms often appear together among the same people: _Studies_, I, 99 ff. "Beena" marriage of Ceylon is believed to be a modification of their polyandry. [246] BUCHANAN, _Journey_, II, 594; MCLENNAN, _op. cit._, I, 102. _Cf._ on the Nairs, GIRAUD-TEULON, _op. cit._, 150-64; STARCKE, _op. cit._, 83-87, 133 ff.; SMITH, _Kinship and Marriage_, 122; LETOURNEAU, _op. cit._, 99-101. [247] _Cf._ SPENCER, _Principles of Sociology_, I, 676, 677. [248] MARSHALL, _op. cit._, 210. According to FRAU JANSSEN (_Globus_, XLIII, 371), it is the custom for the "young wife to become the spouse of _all_ the brothers of her husband; her first child counts as that of the eldest brother, the second as that of the second, and so forth." _Cf._ HELLWALD, _op. cit._, 246. [249] MARSHALL, _op. cit._, 206, 207. To be a _barudi_ or widow or a _baruda_ or widower is a term of reproach: _ibid._, 208. [250] _Ibid._, 111, 196, 213. [251] _Ibid._, 221. In this regard as in many others the Todas resemble the Veddahs: SARASIN, _Die Weddas von Ceylon_, I, 465-67. For a good account of polyandry among the Todas and other peoples see HELLWALD, _op. cit._, 241 ff., 246 ff.