[255] An "appointed daughter" is one assigned by contract in marriage to bear an heir to her father who has no son. In the Niyoga a son is begotten upon the wife, in the lifetime of the husband, by a person appointed for that purpose. The levirate and other like expedients existed also among the Hindus: _Ordinances of Manu_, IX, 53, 57-69, 97, 143 ff.; BURNELL AND HOPKINS, 253 ff.; "Gautama," _Sacred Books of the East_, II, 267 ff.; MAYNE, _Hindu Law and Usage_, chap. iv; MCLENNAN, _Patriarchal Theory_, 268, 286 ff.; LEIST, _Alt-arisches Jus Gentium_, 122, 123; JOLLY, _The Hindu Law of Partition_, 144-66; _idem_, _Rechtliche Stellung der Frauen bei den alten Indern_, 36-38 (levirate). For the Hebrew form of the levirate, see Deuteronomy 25:5-11, where the brother is required to "perform the duty of an husband's brother to the widow." The book of Ruth contains many illustrations of primitive family custom. SIR HENRY MAINE, _Early Law and Custom_, chap. iv, regards the Niyoga, the levirate, and similar expedients for supplying a male heir, as fictions, under the influence of the worship of male ancestors, for maintaining the agnatic family. J. D. Mayne explains the Niyoga on the theory that the lord and owner of the wife is the lord of the child, physical paternity not being essential; and the levirate is an extension of the Niyoga. MCLENNAN, _op. cit._, 266-339, criticises the theories of the two last-named writers. See also KOHLER, _Zur Urgeschichte der Ehe_, 153; HELLWALD, _Die mensch. Familie_, 262, 274, 470; SCHNEIDER, _Die Naturvölker_, I, 25; II, 461; ACHELIS, _Entwicklung der Ehe_, 36 ff.; REDSLOB, _Die Levirats-Ehe bei den Hebräern_, 1 ff.; STARCKE, _Primitive Family_, 141-58, 159-70 (inheritance by brothers); SPENCER, _Principles of Sociology_, I, 679-81; LETOURNEAU, _L'évolution du mariage_, chaps. xii, xv; FISON AND HOWITT, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, 146, 147; WAKE, _Marriage and Kinship_, 171-78, 436 ff.; especially WESTERMARCK, _Human Marriage_, 3, 510-14, who cites the literature. Various examples are mentioned in _ZVR._, III, 394-407, 419, 420; VI, 280 (Germany); VIII, 242; X, 81; XI, 237. [256] MCLENNAN, _Studies_, I, 23, 72, 73, _passim_.