[BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE III.--The theory of the pairing family is not so much the result of a reaction against the theory of promiscuity as it is a consequence of the perception that the problems of society can only be solved by appealing to the laws of human life and organic evolution. Hence Starcke's highly original _Primitive Family_ (New York, 1889), and Westermarck's more elaborate and very able treatise on _Human Marriage_ (London and New York, 1891), showing the influence in some passages of Starcke's acute reasoning, may fairly be regarded as epoch-making. Important also are Wake's _Marriage and Kinship_ (London, 1889) and Letourneau's _L'évolution du mariage_ (Paris, 1888), which is supplemented by his _Sociology Based upon Ethnology_ (London, 1893). These writers have carried farther the suggestions of Darwin, _Descent of Man_ and _Animals and Plants under Domestication_; and Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_ (New York, 1879), who had already thrown doubt upon the communistic theory. A similar general conclusion is reached in the valuable monograph of Kautsky, "Entstehung der Ehe und Familie," in _Kosmos_, XII (Stuttgart, 1882), whose original "hetairism" is but "defective monogamy;" and Peschel's _Races of Man_ (London, 1889) tends in the same direction. Hildebrand likewise rejects the communistic theory in his inaugural address on _Das Problem einer allgemeinen Entwicklungsgeschichte des Rechts und der Sitte_ (Graz, 1894); and this work should be read in connection with his _Recht und Sitte auf den verschiedenen wirthschaftlichen Kulturstufen_ (Jena, 1896). On the other hand, Kulischer, in "Die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl bei den Menschen in der Urzeit," in _ZFE._, VIII, defends original communal marriage against the views of Darwin. Of special value, likewise, for this chapter are _Grosse, Die Formen der Familie_ (Freiburg and Leipzig, 1896); which is favorably examined by Cunow, "Die ökonomischen Grundlagen der Mutterherrschaft," in _Neue Zeit_, XVI; Keane, _Ethnology_ (2d ed., Cambridge, 1896); _idem_, _Man: Past and Present_ (Cambridge, 1899); Frerichs, _Naturgeschichte des Menschen_ (2d ed., Norden, 1891); Bagehot, _Physics and Politics_ (London, 1872); as are also the works of Posada, Crawley, Lang, and Hellwald elsewhere mentioned.