The continuity of English law and custom in the New England colonies is not more striking than the innovation. First of all it would indeed be strange if the planting of new states in the wilderness should not have afforded to thoughtful men a rare opportunity for freeing themselves from the trammels of antiquated methods and traditions which the "inertia of vested interests" might yet for ages sustain in the native land. In some instances the influences of a new and primitive environment might cause an unconscious return to the practices of earlier days. Religious and ecclesiastical ideas must necessarily play the leading part. In fact, the zeal with which the Pioneers of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay proscribed the ceremonies and usages of the Roman and Anglican churches has had much to do with the character of civil institutions in the United States. On the part even of the Puritan there was thus sometimes a strong reaction in favor of the temporal power in matters hitherto regarded as exclusively pertaining to the spiritual jurisdiction. The sway of the so-called theocracy in Massachusetts and New Haven tended, sometimes inadvertently, to foster the growth of the American idea of complete separation of church and state. Thereby the forces of local self-government were quickened. Thus for a time the town-meeting and the congregation were practically one and the same; but authority was exercised in the name of the lay township and not in that of the ecclesiastical parish. So also the probate of wills, the administration of estates, the exercise of chancery jurisdiction,[357] and the supervision of primary and secondary education[358] were taken out of the hands of the church and vested mainly in the local community. The process of secularization in legal functions proceeded with rapid strides. [Footnote 357: In Massachusetts the county courts had an equity jurisdiction; _Mass. Col. Rec._, V, 477, 478; _Acts and Resolves_, I, 75, 356; WASHBURN, _Judicial Hist. of Mass._, 34, 166, 167; HOWARD, _Local Const. Hist._, I, 330, 331. See the able article by WOODRUFF, "Chancery in Massachusetts," _Law Quarterly Review_ (London, 1889), V, 370-86.]