[Footnote 746: _Ibid._, 374. The fine for each of the parties violating the statute is 1,000 pounds of tobacco; for the magistrate or minister, 5,000 pounds, one half to the Lord Proprietor, the other half to the informer. In 1650 it is provided that adultery shall receive punishment as the court may see fit, but "not extending to life or member": _ibid._, 286. The penalty is the same in 1654: _ibid._, 344. In the last-named year "the names of all that shall be borne, married or buried ... shall be Exhibited to the Clarke of Every Court who shall Inst Register thereof who shall be allowed five pounds of Tobacco as a ffee due to him for every such Regist^r made and kept."--_Ibid._, 345.] [Footnote 747: _Ibid._, 442, 443. This act is approved in 1664: _ibid._, 537.] [Footnote 748: "The man taking the woman by the R^t hand shall say I A B doe take thee C D to my wedded wife To have and to hould from this day forward for better for worse for Rich or for Poore in sickness & in health till death us do part and thereto I plight thee my troth which being finished lett her hand goe." Similar words are to be used by the woman: _ibid._, 1664-76, 148.] The general provisions of the law of 1662 are repeated in the act of 1676, except that the intention to allow complete liberty with respect to the form of celebration is more accented. Instead of a "minister or magistrate," as in the former act, any "priest, minister, pastor, or magistrate" may now conduct the celebration; and, as before, a marriage not so solemnized is declared null and void; though it is highly probable that such a requirement was invalid as being inconsistent with the English common law.[749] [Footnote 749: _Ibid._, 1666-76, 522, 523.] Up to this point, under the Catholic proprietors of the palatinate, absolute toleration had prevailed. Optional civil or ecclesiastical rites were sanctioned. But now arose a struggle for supremacy between the toleration party composed of Catholics and Quakers, who began to take strong root in the province, and a bigoted Protestant faction. "As happened twenty years before, a minority in the colony, in sympathy with the dominant party in England, wished to control in matters of religion, and, backed by the home government, renew a policy of intolerance in their own interests. Now, of course, this minority was composed of Protestants of the Established Church, instead of Puritans, as in the days of the Commonwealth."[750] The Episcopal minority triumphed with the establishment of the royal government in 1692, the Church of England was set up, and Catholics and dissenters were taxed for its support. A reactionary policy was begun with respect to the marriage celebration, and we have in this instance the only clear example of such retrogression that can be found in American history.[751] Only in Maryland was civil marriage entirely abrogated after it was once introduced.[752]