[Footnote 168: By the bishop of Barcelona, who proposed the word _separatio_ for divorce _quoad torum_: ESMEIN, _op. cit._, II, 309. On the misleading names for the two kinds of separation see POLLOCK AND MAITLAND, _Hist. of Eng. Law_, II, 392 n. 5. However, a "modern distinction of some Catholic writers between _anullatio_ and _separatio_ removes all ambiguity."--WOOLSEY, _Divorce_, 124.] [Footnote 169: "viii. Si quis dixerit ... vel Ecclesiam errare, dum ob alias causas, praeter adulterium, facit divortium quoad thorum seu cohabitationem, ad tempus vel perpetuo: anathema sit."--THEINER, _Acta_, II, 313: ESMEIN, _op. cit._, II, 309 n. 1.] [Footnote 170: Distinction is made between _dispensatio super matrimonio_, that is, for dissolving an unconsummate marriage; and _dispensatio matrimonialis_, that is, to remove an impediment which otherwise would invalidate a proposed contract. In all cases of dispensation careful judicial inquiry as to the grounds of application is made: GEARY, _Marriage and Family Relations_, 510-14. _Cf._ WOOLSEY, _op. cit._, 122, 123; and especially the convenient manual of POMPEN, _De dispensationibus_, 122-68. For a full discussion of the intricate law and custom as to dispensation see ESMEIN, _op. cit._, II, 315-68; FREISEN, _Geschichte des can. Eherechts_, 891-906; SCHEURL, _Das gem. deut. Eherecht_, 281 ff. In the oriental church dispensation from the forbidden degrees is in general not allowed, ZHISHMAN: _Das Eherecht der orient. Kirche_, 709-17.] II. THE PROTESTANT DOCTRINE OF DIVORCE