The divorce legislation of Kansas begins in 1855, the next year after the territory was erected. The grounds on which the aggrieved may secure a complete dissolution of the matrimonial bond are (1) impotence continuing from the time of the marriage; (2) bigamous marriage; (3) adultery; (4) wilful desertion and absence for two years without reasonable cause; (5) conviction of felony or infamous crime; (6) habitual drunkenness for two years; (7) cruel and barbarous treatment endangering life; (8) intolerable indignities offered to the person; (9) vagrancy of the husband.[458] In 1859 this law gave place to another, by which the fifth, eighth, and ninth causes above enumerated were omitted; the term of wilful absence, under the fourth head, was reduced to one year; and habitual drunkenness became a cause, without specification of the time during which it must have existed.[459] The very next year this plan was in its turn superseded. A new act allowed separate alimony without dissolution of marriage, and sanctioned eleven grounds of total divorce. The first four of these are identical with the corresponding numbers in 1855, as modified in 1859. In addition are approved (5) pregnancy of the wife at the time of the marriage by a man other than the husband; (6) extreme cruelty; (7) fraudulent contract; (8) gross neglect of duty; (9) habitual drunkenness; (10) sentence for crime and imprisonment therefor in a penitentiary, provided complaint be filed during the term of confinement; (11) when one person has secured a divorce in another state or territory, leaving the obligation binding on the other.[460] [458] _Stat. of Kan._ (1855), 310, 311. [459] Act of Feb. 7: _Gen. Laws of Kan._ (1859), 385. [460] Act of Feb. 27: _Gen. Laws of Kan._ (1860), 105-10. An Act of June 4, 1861, provides that a person presenting a copy of an act of the Territory of Kansas by which he has been divorced "shall be entitled to a decree of divorce without issuing summons thereon."--_Gen. Laws_ (1861), 146. The eleventh cause just specified was dropped in 1868. The remaining ten were then re-enacted;[461] and these grounds, without addition or essential change, constitute the law of Kansas at the present time. In this state there is no separation from bed and board. But "the wife may obtain alimony alone from the husband without a divorce ... for any of the causes for which a divorce may be granted."[462] By the constitution, jurisdiction in all divorce actions is vested in the district courts;[463] and the supreme court has authority when suits are brought up on error.[464] [461] "Code of Civil Procedure," approved Feb. 25, 1868, Art. XXVIII: in PRICE, RIGGS, AND MCCAHON, _Gen. Stat. of Kan._, 757-59. The law of 1868 reappears in DASSLER, _Laws of Kan._ (1876), II, 761-63; _ibid._ (1879), 690-92. [462] _Laws of Kan._ (1897), II, 273-77; DASSLER, _Gen. Stat._ (1901), 1055. [463] Art. II, sec. 18, Const. of 1859.