_Alauda ludoviciana_, GM. S. N. I, 1788, 793. _Anthus ludovicianus_, LICHT. Verz. 1823, 37; also of AUDUBON & BONAPARTE.—BAIRD, Birds N. Am. 1858, 232; Rev. 153.—COUES, Pr. A. N. S. 1861, 220 (Labrador).—SCLATER, P. Z. S. 1856, 296 (Cordova).—IB. Catal. 1861, 24, no. 153. SCL. & SALV. Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).—JONES, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 29, autumn.—BLAKISTON, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).—DALL & BANNISTER, Tr. Chic. Ac. I, 1869, 277.—COOPER, Orn. Cal. 1, 1870, 78. _Alauda rubra_, GM.; _Alauda rufa_, WILS.; _Anthus spinoletta_, BON., AUD.; _Alauda pennsylvanica_, BRISS.; _? Alauda pennsylvanica_, BONN. Encycl. Méth. I, 1790, 319. _? Motacilla hudsonica_, LATH. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 503.—VIEILLOT, Encycl. Méth. II, 1823, 447. _Anthus pennsylvanica_, ZANDER; _Anthus aquaticus_, AUD.; _Anthus pipiens_, AUD.; _Anthus rubens_, MERREM; _Anthus reinhardtii_, HÖLBOLL, Fauna Grönlands (ed. Paulsen), 1846, 25 (Greenland). Figures: AUD. Birds Am. III, pl. cxl.—IB. Orn. Biog. I, pl. lxxx.— WILSON, V. pl. lxxxix. SP. CHAR. (_Female_, in spring.) Above olive-brown, each feather slightly darker towards the central portion; beneath pale dull-buff, or yellowish-brown, with a maxillary series of dark-brown spots and streaks across the breast and along sides. Ring round the eye, and superciliary stripe, yellowish. Central tail-feathers like the back, others dark blackish-brown; the external one white, except at the base within; a white spot at the end of the second. Primaries edged with whitish, other quills with pale brownish. Length, 6.50; wing, 3.45; tail, 2.95. HAB. Whole of North America; Greenland; Bermuda; south to Orizaba, Guatemala, and even Peru? Heligoland, Europe. (GÄTKE.) Not noted in West Indies. [Illustration: _Anthus ludovicianus._] Spring specimens from Labrador, collected by Dr. Coues, have the upper parts ashy without any tinge of olive, almost bluish on the head; the lower parts deeper and more reddish-buff than in autumnal and winter specimens. Tarsi black in spring, brown in winter; toes always black. HABITS. At different seasons of the year the Brown Titlark is found throughout the continent, and abundant for the time in the several parts of the country, chiefly frequenting the least cultivated portions and apparently preferring the sterile and least attractive regions. It is one of the most extensively distributed of all our North American birds, being found in immense numbers over the whole length and breadth of North America. Gambel met them in large numbers in New Mexico and California; Richardson found them on the plains of the Saskatchewan; it is abundant in the Arctic regions from May to October, and is equally common on the coast of Labrador; Mr. Dall found it universal from British Columbia north. It is also found in Florida, Cape St. Lucas, Mexico, and Central America. Accidental specimens have occurred in Europe.