[Illustration: PLATE XXXI. 1. Chondestes grammaca. ♂ Cal., 6300. 2. Pipilo erythrophthalmus. ♂ Pa., 2135. 3. ” ” ♀ Kansas, 8194. 4. ” chlorura. ♂ Rocky Mts., 2644. 5. ” arcticus. ♂ Dakota, 1944. 6. ” ” ♀. 7. ” aberti. ♂ Ariz., 6748. 8. ” crissalis. ♂ Cal., 5559. 9. ” megalonyx. ♀. 10. ” mesoleucus. ♂ Ariz., 6829. 11. ” albigula. ♂ Cape St. Lucas, 12993. 12. ” oregonus. ♀.] Pipilo erythrophthalmus, VIEILLOT. GROUND ROBIN; TOWHEE; CHEWINK. _Fringilla erythrophthalma_, LINN. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 318.—AUD. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 151; V, 511, pl. xxix. _Emberiza erythrophthalma_, GM. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 874.—WILSON, Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 90, pl. liii. _Pipilo erythrophthalmus_, VIEILL. Gal. Ois. I, 1824, 109, pl. lxxx.—BON. List, 1838.—IB. Conspectus, 1850, 487.—AUD. Syn. 1839, 124.—IB. Birds Am. III, 1841, 167, pl. cxcv.—BAIRD, Birds N. Am. 1858, 512.—SAMUELS, 333. _Pipilo ater_, VIEILL. Nouv. Dict. XXXIV, 1819, 292. _Towhee Bird_, CATESBY, Car. I, 34. _Towhee Bunting_, LATHAM, Syn. II, I, 1783, 199.—PENNANT, II, 1785, 359. [Line drawing: 2135 ♂] SP. CHAR. Upper parts generally, head and neck all round, and upper part of the breast, glossy black, abruptly defined against the pure white which extends to the anus, but is bounded on the sides and under the wings by light chestnut, which is sometimes streaked externally with black. Feathers of throat white in the middle. Under coverts similar to sides, but paler. Edges of outer six primaries with white at the base and on the middle of the outer web; inner two tertiaries also edged externally with white. Tail-feathers black; outer web of the first, with the ends of the first to the third, white, decreasing from the exterior one. Outermost quill usually shorter than ninth, or even than secondaries; fourth quill longest, fifth scarcely shorter. Iris red; said to be sometimes paler, or even white, in winter. Length, 8.75; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.10. Bill black, legs flesh-color. _Female_ with the black replaced by a rather rufous brown. HAB. Eastern United States to the Missouri River; Florida (in winter). The tail-feathers are only moderately graduated on the sides; the outer about .40 of an inch shorter than the middle. The outer tail-feather has the terminal half white, the outline transverse; the white of the second is about half as long as that of the first; of the third half that of the second. The chestnut of the sides reaches forward to the black of the neck, and is visible when the wings are closed. A young bird has the prevailing color reddish-olive above, spotted with lighter; beneath brownish-white, streaked thickly with brown.