[Illustration: =52814=, ♀. _F. rufigularis_ (nat. size).] The following synopsis of the three American species of this subgenus may serve to distinguish them from each other, though only two of them (_F. aurantius_ and _F. rufigularis_) are very closely related. The comparative characters of the several geographical races of the other one (_F. communis_), which is cosmopolitan in its habitat, being included under the head of that species, may explain the reasons why they are separated from each other. Species and Races. =A.= First and second quills equal and longest; first with inner web emarginated, second with inner web slightly sinuated. Young with longitudinal stripes on the lower parts. Adult and young stages very different. 1. =F. communis.= Wing, 11.50–14.30; tail, 7.00–8.50; culmen, .72–.95; tarsus, 1.65–2.20; middle toe, 1.80–2.30.[52] Second quill longest; first shorter than, equal to, or longer than third. _Adult._ Above plumbeous, darker anteriorly, lighter and more bluish posteriorly; anteriorly plain, posteriorly with darker transverse bars, these growing more sharply defined towards the tail. Beneath ochraceous-white, varying in tint from nearly pure white to deep ochraceous, those portions posterior to the jugulum transversely barred, more or less, with blackish or dark plumbeous; anterior lower parts (from the breast forward) without transverse bars. _Young._ No transverse bars on the body, above or below. Above blackish-brown, varying to black, the feathers usually bordered terminally with ochraceous or rusty; forehead usually more or less washed with the same. Beneath ochraceous, varying in shade; the whole surface with longitudinal stripes of blackish. Inner webs of tail-feathers and primaries with numerous transverse elliptical spots of ochraceous. _Hab._ Cosmopolitan. _a._ Young dark brown above, the feathers bordered with rusty or whitish. Beneath white or ochraceous, with narrow longitudinal stripes of dusky. Inner webs of tail-feathers with transverse bars. Auriculars white, cutting off the black of the cheeks with a prominent “mustache.” Beneath pure white, the breast and middle of the abdomen without markings. Wing, 12.75; tail, 7.30; culmen, .80; tarsus, 2.00; middle toe, 1.80. _Hab._ Eastern Asia … var. _orientalist_.[53] Beneath pale ochraceous, the breast always with longitudinal dashes, or elliptical spots, of dusky; middle of abdomen barred. Wing, 11.50–14.30; tail, 7.00–8.50; culmen, .72–.95; tarsus, 1.65–2.20; middle toe, 1.80–2.30. _Hab._ Europe … var. _communis_.[54]