The other German cruisers were also short-lived. The _Karlsruehe_, after arming the liner _Kronprinz Wilhelm_ off the Bahamas (August 6) and narrowly escaping the _Suffolk_ and the _Bristol_ by superior speed, operated with great success on the South American trade routes. Her disappearance--long a mystery to the Allies--was due to an internal explosion, just as she was about to crown her exploits by a raid on the island of Barbados. The _Koenigsberg_, on the east coast of Africa, surprised and sank the British light cruiser _Pegasus_ while the latter lay at Mombasa, Zanzibar, making repairs. She was later bottled up in the Rufigi River (October 30) and finally destroyed there (July 11, 1915) by indirect fire from monitors, "spotted" by airplanes. [Illustration: THE CRUISE OF THE EMDEN, SEPT. 1-NOV. 9, 1914] Of the auxiliary cruisers, the _Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse_ was sunk by the _Highflyer_ (August 26), and the _Cap Trafalgar_ went down after a hard fight with the _Carmania_ (September 14). The _Prinz Eitel Friedrich_, which had entered the Atlantic with von Spee, interned at Newport News, Virginia, in March, 1915, and was followed thither a month later by the _Kronprinz Wilhelm_. The results of this surface warfare upon commerce amounted to 69 merchant vessels, totaling 280,000 tons. With more strict concentration upon commerce destruction, and further preparations for using German liners as auxiliaries, the campaign might have been prolonged and made somewhat more effective. But for the same purpose the superiority of the submarine was soon demonstrated. To take the later surface raiders: the _Wolf_ sank or captured 20 ships in 15 months at sea; the _Seeadler_, 23 in 7 months; the _Moewe_ 15 in 2 months. But many a submarine in one month made a better record than these. The opening of Germany's submarine campaign, to be treated later, was formally announced by her blockade proclamation of February 4, 1915. _The Dogger Bank Action_