THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE, a History of the Foundations of the Modern World, by Prof. W. C. Abbot, 1918. THE STORY OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY, J. Jacobs, 1913. SHIPS AND THEIR WAYS OF OTHER DAYS, E. Keble Chatterton, 1906. THE DAWN OF NAVIGATION, Thomas G. Ford, U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. XXXIII., 1-3. THE DAWN OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY, 2 vols., C. Raymond Beazley, 1904. _Portugal_ PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR, C. Raymond Beazley, 1895. VASCO DA GAMA AND HIS SUCCESSORS, 1460-1580, K. G. Jayne, 1910. RISE OF PORTUGUESE POWER IN INDIA, R. S. Whiteway, 1910. CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORY, Vol. I., Ch. I. HISTORY OF THE INDIAN NAVY, Lieut. C. R. Low, 1877. _Spain_ THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, John Fiske, 1893. SPAIN IN AMERICA, E. G. Bourne, American Nation Series, 1909. SPAIN, Martin Hume, Cam. Modern Hist. Series, 1898. CHAPTER VII SEA POWER IN THE NORTH: HOLLAND'S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE The first sea-farers in the storm-swept waters of the north, at least in historic times, were the Teutonic tribes along the North Sea and the Baltic. On land the Teutons held the Rhine and the Danube against the legions of Rome, spread later southward and westward, and founded modern European states out of the wreckage of the Roman Empire. On the sea, Angles, Saxons, and Jutes in the 5th century began plundering the coasts of what is now England, and, after driving the Celts into mountain fastnesses, established themselves in permanent control. _The Vikings_ These Teutonic voyagers were followed toward the close of the 8th century by their Scandinavian kindred to the northward, the Vikings--superb fighting men and daring sea-rovers who harried the coasts of western Europe for the next 200 years. There were no navies to stop them. "These sea dragons," exclaimed Charlemagne, "will tear my kingdom asunder!" In England no king before Alfred had a navy; and Alfred was compelled to organize a strong sea force to bring the invaders to terms. Elsewhere the Vikings met little opposition. Wherever they found lands that attracted them, they conquered and settled dawn. Thus Normandy came into being. They swept up the rivers, burning and looting where they pleased, from the Elbe to the Rhone. They carried their raids as far south as Sicily and the Mediterranean coast of Africa, and as far north and west as Iceland, Greenland, and the American continent. In the east, by establishing a Viking colony at Nishni Novgorod, they laid the foundations of the Russian empire, and their leader, Rus, gave it his name. Following river courses, others penetrated inland as far as Constantinople, where, being bought off by the emperor, they took service as imperial guards.