During his lifetime the opinions of Marx were destined to find expression in two movements, which have played a considerable part in recent history—the International and the Social Democracy of Germany. Of the International, Marx was the inspiring and controlling head from the beginning; and the German Social Democracy, though originated by Lassalle, before long fell under Marx’s influence. Marx wrote the famous inaugural address of the International and drew up its statutes, maintaining a moderation of tone which contrasted strongly with the outspoken vigour of the communist manifesto of 1847. But it was not long before the revolutionary socialism which underlay the movement gained the upper hand. The International no doubt afforded a splendid opportunity for the propaganda of Marx. The fortunes of the International and of the German Social Democracy will be sketched in subsequent chapters. ----- [1] Franz Mehring, _Geschichte der Deutschen Sozialdemokratie_, part i. p. 156. [2] An English translation of vol. i. by Messrs. Moore and Aveling has appeared, Engels being editor. There are translations also of vols. ii. and iii. [3] This book of Engels, _Eugen Dühring’s Revolutionising of Science_, is better known in its much shorter form, _Entwickelung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft_. Eng. tr. _Socialism: Utopian and Scientific_. [4] See Fr. Engels’ _Umwälzung der Wissenschaft_, p. 253, and _passim_. [5] _Das Kapital_, i. 48. [6] _Umwälzung der Wissenschaft_, pp. 267, 268. [7] See Preface to second edition of the _Kapital_, p. xix. [8] This, however, must be a mistake for T. Hodgskin, who in 1825 published a pamphlet, _Labour defended against the Claims of Capital_, in which such views are set forth. CHAPTER VIII THE INTERNATIONAL It is an inevitable outcome of the prevalent historic forces that the labour question has become international. From the dawn of history there has been a widening circle of communities with international relations. Civilisation had its earliest seats on the banks of the Nile and the Euphrates. The Greeks and Phœnicians carried it round the shores of the Mediterranean. The Romans received it from the Greeks, and, after adding to it a valuable contribution of their own, handed it on to the nations of Western and Central Europe. The Christian Church spread over the countries in which the Roman peace prevailed, but did not confine itself to the limits of the empire. Amidst the group of nations who thus participated in the Greco-Roman culture and in the Christian life, there has always been a special degree of international sympathy: ideas and institutions have been largely common to them all. Feudalism and the Church, chivalry and the Crusades, all these were international in their influence.