One single ecclesiastic rises above his fellows during the ruinous reign of Carlos the Bewitched, and his renown is greater out of Spain than in it. MIGUEL DE MOLINOS (1627-97), the founder of Quietism, was a native of Muniesa, near Zaragoza; was educated by the Jesuits; and held a living at Valencia. He journeyed to Rome in 1665, won vast esteem as a confessor, and there, in 1675, published his famous _Spiritual Guide_ in Italian. Mr. Shorthouse, an English apostle of Quietism, mentions a Spanish rendering which "won such popularity in his native country that some are still found who declare that the Spanish version is earlier than the Italian." It is almost certain that Molinos wrote in Spanish, and to judge by the translations, he must have written with admirable force. But, as a matter of fact, no Spanish version was ever popular in Spain, for the reason that none has ever existed. This is not the place to discuss the personal character of Molinos, who stands accused of grave crimes; nor to weigh the value of his teaching, nor to follow its importation into France by Mme. de la Mothe Guyon; nor to look into the controversy which wrecked Fénelon's career. Still it should be noted as characteristic of Carlos II.'s reign, that a book by one of his subjects was influencing all Europe without any man in Spain being aware of it. FOOTNOTES: [26] According to Lope de Vega, the word _culteranismo_ was invented by Jiménez Patón, Villamediana's tutor. [27] See M. Farinelli's learned study, _Don Giovanni: Note critiche_ (Torino, 1896), pp. 37-39. [28] Cp. Mr. Norman MacColl's _Select Plays of Calderón_ (London, 1888), pp. xxvi.-xxx., and Gallardo's _Ensayo de una Biblioteca Española_ (Madrid, 1866), vol. ii. col. 367, 368. CHAPTER XI THE AGE OF THE BOURBONS 1700-1808