Captain was of course an old title, and had been used for the chief of a band in France ever since 1355, having been borrowed possibly from the free companies. The captain's _locum tenens_ or lieutenant had been instituted by the reforms of Charles the Seventh in 1444, and together with him his standard-bearer or ensign,[65] but there were other junior officers who came later even than the colonels to supplement the new military vocabulary. In 1534 we encounter for the first time _fouriers_, _caps d'escouade_, and _lancepessades_. The first of these, which existed for a time in the corrupted form _furrier_, has passed from the English language.[66] The second is the French form of the Italian _capo de squadra_, head of the square, a reminiscence of the days when men were formed into square blocks, squads or squadrons, which passed into _caporal_ and so into our English corporal. The third, again a French form of the Italian _lanz pesato_, signified originally a man-at-arms whose horse had been killed and who was therefore compelled to march with the foot. Being a superior person, he was not included among the common infantry-men but held this distinctive and superior rank, whence in due time was derived the prefix of lance to the titles of sergeant and corporal. Finally, in the year 1550 foot-soldiers in France began to be called by the collective name of _fanterie_ or _infanterie_. This word, too, was a corruption from the Italian, for Italian commanders used to speak of their troops as their boys, _fanti_, and collectively as _fanteria_; and from them the term passed into all the languages of Europe. Nothing could better commemorate the situation of Italy in the sixteenth century as at once the cockpit of the nations and the school of the new art of war.