Three hundred negro porters and soldiers accompanied Cortes on his march to Mexico in 1519; negroes carried the loads of Balboa when he discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513, and accompanied Hernandez to Peru in 1530. Negro workmen assisted the Spaniards to found the city of St Augustine in Florida in 1565; and negroes, rising high in the Spanish service, in the first half of the 16th century explored for Spain the lands of New Mexico and Arizona. Footnote 102: For particulars on this subject consult my book on the _Negro in the New World_ (1910). Footnote 103: Natives of British India, however, continued to hold slaves on the East coast of Africa until it was made a criminal offence in 1873. Footnote 104: Liberia commenced with an attempt made by philanthropic Americans (the American Colonization Society) in 1820 to repatriate free negroes from the United States. It was formally recognized as an independent state by the British Government in 1847 and occasionally assisted to maintain its authority by British war vessels. Liberia did not enter into diplomatic relations with the United States till 1862. Footnote 105: Slavery was abolished in the Turkish dominions after the Crimean War, but the slave trade exists still to some degree on account of the harims, which demand a supply of eunuchs. Slavery of a mild kind also continues in force in the states of Arabia, in Persia, and in Morocco. Footnote 106: Sikhs from the Indian Army. These campaigns have been described in the present writer’s work on _British Central Africa_; and by Mr Alfred Swann in _Fighting the Slave-Hunters in Central Africa_. Footnote 107: Though Liberia is quite a small country—some 40,000 square miles—and is not clearly demarcated by natural features from the surrounding lands of the West African coast, it is found to possess a peculiar mammalia of great interest and a rich flora which also has its regional peculiarities. Amongst singular Liberian mammals may be noted the pigmy Hippopotamus, the Zebra antelope and Jentinck’s duiker. CHAPTER VIII THE BRITISH IN AFRICA, I (_West Coast, Morocco, North-Central_.)