As regards Morocco, the Portuguese fortress of Tangier had been ceded to England in 1662, the British having desired it as giving them a port of call close to the Straits of Gibraltar. It was found difficult however to maintain it against the continual attacks of the Moors, and it was therefore surrendered to the Emperor of Morocco in 1684. It is not impossible that it may return one day to British keeping. ----- Footnote 108: Made from various aromatic seeds, such as those of true pepper vines (_Piper subpeltatum_, _Piper guineense_), and of the fruits of (_Xylopia æthiopica_). Footnote 109: The seeds of the _Aframomum_, a zingiberaceous plant, of the same order as cannas, bananas, etc. These early English voyages are described in detail in my book on _Liberia_ (2 vols, 1906). Footnote 110: It was this company that sent out in 1618 George Thompson in charge of a trading expedition. Thompson was killed in some quarrel with his men at Tenda on the Upper Gambia. In 1620-21, his companions were rescued, and his explorations continued by Captain Richard Jobson, who ascended the Gambia as far as it was navigable from the sea, came into contact with the Fula and Mandingo peoples, and on his return wrote an account of his experiences in a book called _The Golden Trade_. This work—recently republished in the unabridged form of the MS.—is one of the most vivid pen-pictures of Negro Africa ever penned. Footnote 111: They rise at the highest to 2000 feet. Footnote 112: ‘Maroon’ was a corruption of the Spanish “Cimarron,” an outlaw frequenting the summits (Cimas) of the mountains. Footnote 113: Properly ‘Hwida.’ Footnote 114: All this period in the history of the Gold Coast, including Bowdich’s mission, is described in detail in my book, _Pioneers in West Africa_ (Blackie, 1911). Footnote 115: Afterwards Viscount Wolseley. Footnote 116: The territory was ceded by its king to Great Britain in 1861. Footnote 117: The powerful kingdom of Benin—remarkable for its development of the arts of sculpture, ivory carving, and of bronze-casting—extended its power seaward to the mouth of the Benin branch of the Niger Delta, and gave its name to this great bay or bight of the low-lying coast. Biafra was a native name given by the Portuguese to the opposite (eastern) bight between the Niger Delta and the Cameroons. Footnote 118: