The MODERN SCLAVONIC, better known to us as RUSSIAN, is said to have appeared first in portions of the _Old Testament_, printed at Prague in 1517–19. Ten years later there was Russian type in Venice. A Russian press was established at Stockholm in 1625, by order of Gustavus Adolphus, and in 1696 there were matrices in Amsterdam, from which came the types used in Ludolph’s _Grammatica Russica_, printed at Oxford in that year, and whence also, it is said, the types were procured which furnished the first St. Petersburg press, established in 1711 by Peter the Great. At Amsterdam, also, a second attempt to translate and print the _Bible_ into Russian, begun about 1698, was frustrated by the loss of the MSS. and library of Ernest Gluck, the editor and translator, at the siege of Marienburg, in 1702. The presses at St. Petersburg increased, and it is probable that on the establishment of the press in connection with the Academy of Sciences, in 1727, Russian types were cast in that city. Breitkopf of Leipsic {72} had matrices prior to 1787; Fournier, at Paris, in 1766, showed a specimen of a fount in his foundry; Marcel, in his _Oratio Dominica_, 1805, showed another; and Bodoni of Parma, in his _Manuale Tipografico_, 1818, had no less than twenty-one sizes. The Emperor Alexander, in 1813, promoted the publication of a Bible by the Russian Bible Society, which resulted in the printing of the _Gospels_ in 1819, and of the entire _New Testament_ in 1823. In England, Mores notes that in 1778 there was no Russian type in the country, but that Cottrell was at that time engaged in preparing a fount. It does not appear that this project was carried out, and the earliest Russian we had was cut by Dr. Fry from alphabets in the _Vocabularia_, collected and published for the Empress of Russia in 1786–9. This fount appeared in the _Pantographia_ in 1799. About 1820 Thorowgood procured matrices in two sizes from Breitkopf, and these three founts were the only ones enumerated by Hansard in 1825. ETRUSCAN. The fount of this character cut by William Caslon[144] about 1733 for Mr. Swinton of Oxford was apparently the first produced. Fournier, in 1766, showed an alphabet engraved in metal or wood. In 1771 the Propaganda published a specimen of their fount, and Bodoni of Parma, in 1806, exhibited a third in his _Oratio Dominica_. The character is one rarely used, and prior to 1820 it is doubtful whether there were more than the three founts above mentioned in existence. RUNIC.