* * * * * REFERENCES.—GENERAL WORKS which should be consulted in connection with Chapters XIII.–XVII.: W. Macdonald, _Select Documents of United States History, 1776–1861_; J. Schouler, _History of the United States_ (6 vols.); J. B. McMaster, _A History of the People of the United States_ (to 1830, 5 vols.); J. Winsor, _The Narrative and Critical History of America_ (8 vols.); H. von Holst, _The Constitutional History of the United States_ (8 vols.); G. Tucker, _The History of the United States_ (4 vols.); Bryant and Gay, _A Popular History of the United States_ (4 vols.); R. Hildreth, _The History of the United States_ (1492–1821, 6 vols.); A. B. Hart, _Formation of the Union_, chaps. vii.–xi.; F. A. Walker, _Making of the Union_ (“American History Series”); J. W. Burgess, _The Middle Period_, chap. i. (“American History Series”). SPECIAL WORKS IN CONNECTION WITH CHAPTER XII.: H. C. Lodge, _George Washington_, Vol. II., _Alexander Hamilton_; J. T. Morse, _Thomas Jefferson_; S. H. Gay, _James Madison_ (these are in the “American Statesmen” series). See also other biographies of these four statesmen and their collected writings, as well as the _Messages of the Presidents_. ----- [104] New York City was the temporary capital until 1790, when Philadelphia took its place. In 1800 the government was moved to Washington, which at the time contained few houses. [105] General Henry Knox of Massachusetts was the first Secretary of War and was also intrusted with the charge of naval affairs. The Navy Department was not established until 1798. Edmund Randolph of Virginia was the first Attorney-General. The two most important secretaryships were those of State and of Treasury respectively (§§ 267, 268). The Cabinet officers did not obtain the privilege of appearing before Congress in order to explain and defend the measures advocated by them. Thus an important variation from British parliamentary government was introduced. Another variation has come about through the fact that the Speaker of the House, who was at first an impartial moderator, has become for three quarters of a century the most influential of party leaders through his privilege of appointing all committees. [106] Jefferson was chiefly instrumental in obtaining this compromise.