=341. South Carolina’s Discontent.=—South Carolina was especially excited. Her feelings and ideas were well expressed in a document—the celebrated “Exposition and Protest”—drawn up by Calhoun. In this manifesto the Vice President, following the lead of his predecessor Jefferson, pushed the doctrine of state protest, as outlined in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, to the extreme of a separate state veto and nullification of an obnoxious law (§ 279). He went farther than Jefferson, however, his views being derived partly from his own philosophical speculations, partly from the teachings of John Randolph and of other Southern leaders. The consequences of the adoption of his theory were plainly very dangerous, but matters stood still for a while, since all parties were waiting to see what stand the new administration to be inaugurated in 1829 would take with regard to the tariff. =342. Election of 1828.=—As might have been foreseen, Adams was defeated in the election of 1828. He had come nearer success than was expected; for the votes of New York and Pennsylvania would have turned the scale. But his opponents, with their scandalous stories, their unnecessary congressional investigations, their general unscrupulousness, had been too much for him. Clay had not been efficient in directing the campaign; while Jackson had secured in his favor what he had not had in the campaign of 1824,—the support of the skillful group of New York politicians known as the “Albany Regency,” at the head of which was the astute Martin Van Buren. Besides, Jackson’s views on disputed questions were a mystery, so that he could be claimed by any faction, while his sympathies and qualities were plainly democratic and thus acceptable to the masses. On the other hand, Adams’s views were so pronounced that he was sure to alienate votes, and his sympathies and qualities were plainly aristocratic.[150] Finally, Jackson was a typical Westerner, and the West then held the balance of power. It is no wonder, therefore, that in the popular vote he distanced his rival. * * * * * REFERENCES.—GENERAL WORKS: W. Macdonald, _Select Documents of United States History, 1776–1781_; J. Schouler, _History of the United States_ (6 vols.); J. Winsor, _The Narrative and Critical History of America_ (8 vols.); G. Tucker, _The History of the United States_ (4 vols., Winsor and Tucker extend to 1840); H. Von Holst, _The Constitutional History of the United States_ (8 vols.); Bryant and Gay, _A Popular History of the United States_ (4 vols.); T. H. Benton, _Thirty Years’ View_ (2 vols.); E. Ingle, _Southern Side Lights_; Woodrow Wilson, _Division and Reunion_ (“Epochs of American History”). SPECIAL WORKS: same as for Chapter XVII. -----