March 2, 1833, one day after the Force Bill was passed and a day before the obnoxious tariff of 1832 was to have gone into effect. On their side, the South Carolinians held another convention, and repealed their first nullifying ordinance, but nullified the Force Bill. Thus it was practically a drawn battle—neither side abandoning its principles, but both making concessions in a not altogether brave and creditable way. As was to be expected, both parties claimed a victory. In South Carolina Calhoun’s influence grew steadily stronger, and the militia of the state seems to have been kept up with the distinct idea that it might be available in another crisis with the general government. On the other hand, Jackson had maintained the dignity of the Union, and the tariff compromisers, following the Missouri compromisers, had succeeded in putting off the day of reckoning until the Free states were strong enough to crush slavery and still retain the Southern states in the Union. * * * * * REFERENCES.—GENERAL WORKS: see Chapter XVIII. SPECIAL WORKS: same as for Chapter XVII., with the addition of: George T. Curtis, _Daniel Webster_; T. Roosevelt, _Thomas H. Benton_ (“American Statesmen”); E. M. Shepard, _Martin Van Buren_ (“American Statesmen”); A. C. McLaughlin, _Lewis Cass_ (“American Statesmen”); W. G. Sumner, _Andrew Jackson_ (“American Statesmen”); J. Parton, _Andrew Jackson_; W. P. Trent, _Calhoun_, in _Southern Statesmen of the Old Régime_; C. W. Loring, _Nullification_, _Secession_, etc.; D. F. Houston, _Study of Nullification in South Carolina_ (“Harvard Historical Studies”). ----- [153] Born, 1782; died, 1862. Early rose to eminence in New York as a lawyer and politician; United States senator, 1821–1828; governor, 1828–1829; Secretary of State under Jackson, 1829–1831; Vice President with Jackson, 1833–1837; elected President, 1836; was overwhelmingly defeated by Harrison in 1840; opposed the annexation of Texas in 1844; received a majority of votes in Democratic Convention in 1844, but was beaten by Polk under the two thirds rule; was Free Soil candidate for President in 1848, and drew enough electoral votes from Cass to elect Taylor. [154] The Indian problem was partly solved during Jackson’s administrations by the transfer of some of the tribes to Indian Territory.