Although he thus modified his views in the second reading, yet he was thoroughly opposed to the principle. And his prophetic words stated above, were fully realized in the subsequent amendment Acts which were absolutely necessary as regards the modification of extraordinary rent-charges. No extraordinary charge was to be made the first year for new cultivations, and only one-half of the charge for the second year, but the full charge was to be made in the third year. In thus deviating from the principle of his Bill, he made the following remark: “Tithes on extremely valuable crops, such as hops, orchards, and market-gardens, could not be allowed to enter into an average for a general commutation.” From the passing of the Act in 1836, up to the present time, this extraordinary rent-charge has been a fruitful source of discontent, because it is a tax on capital and labour, against which the principle of the Commutation Act was framed. It kept almost stationary the cultivation of hops and market-gardens, instead of extending them. The hop proprietors were at the time in favour of the petition of the market-gardeners. When lands would go out of cultivation of hops, or of orchards, or of market-gardens, then they would be subject only to the ordinary rent-charge. But all new cultivations were to pay the extraordinary rent-charge, which in some cases reached as high as 30_s._ per acre. When this amount was added to the ordinary charge, the whole profit was absorbed, especially since the hop growers have now to compete with foreign countries, which pay no tithes nor duty on hops imported into this country. It may be said that the duty on hops, having been repealed since 1862, the reduction of about £4 5_s._ per acre must have benefited the hop growers. The fact is, that the landlords and not the tenants mainly derived the profits from the reduction. Before 1836, there were 56,300 acres of hops cultivated; in 1880 there were 66,703 acres. The Market-Gardens Act of 1873 was passed on account of a burst of popular indignation against the conduct of the Vicar of Gulval, in Cornwall, who endeavoured to enforce the payment of an extraordinary tithe-rent charge of 1_s._ 6_d._ per acre on 213 acres brought into new cultivation. It was enacted that the provisions relating to the extraordinary charge on market-gardens, newly cultivated as such, _should only apply to parishes where such charge was distinguished at the time of commutation_. In 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. lxii. s. 27) an Act was passed in a quiet manner which placed orchards as regards the extraordinary tithe-rent charge on the same footing as the Act of 1873 (36 & 37 Vict. c. xlii.) placed the market-gardens. The Acts of 1839 and 1873 admit that extraordinary rent-charges are wrong in principle, and that those on hops should have been abolished.