=Ning-po= ('calm waves'), China. 30N. 121E. Occupied by Portuguese, 1522; Portuguese massacred, 1545; taken by British, 1842. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.') =Nishapur=, Persia. 36N. 59E. Famous as bp. of Omar Khayyam, whose tomb is also here. Res. of Nidhami-i-Arudi. =Nisib=, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 38E. Turks defeated by Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha, 1839. =Nisibin=, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 41E. Captured by Parthians, 149 B.C.; by Lucullus, 68 B.C.; by Trajan, 116; by Lucius Verus, 165; given to Persians by Jovian, 363. =Oki Shima=, Japan. 36N. 133E. An island off the west coast of Houdo, fully described by Lafcadio Hearn in 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.' =Omsk=, Asiatic Russia. 55N. 74E. Capital of Akmolinsk. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.') =Ophir, Mount=, Malay Peninsula. 2N. 103E. Gold-producing mountain often identified with the Ophir of the Bible. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.') =Opon=, Philippine Islands. 11N. 124E. Magellan killed here by natives, 1521. =Ormuz=, Persia. 27N. 56E. Visited by Nearchus, 325 B.C. Captured by Albuquerque, 1507, 1514; by Shah Abbas and British, 1622. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' 'Travels of Marco Polo,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.') =Osaka=, Japan. 35N. 136E. F. by Rennio Shonin, 1495; captured by Hideyoshi, 1580; castle secured by Iyeyasu, 1615; burnt by Tokugawa retainers, 1868. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Out of the East,' Diosy's 'New Far East,' Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.') =Padang=, Sumatra. 1S. 100E. First Dutch settlement in Sumatra, 1666; captured by British, 1781; surrendered to Dutch, 1783; recaptured, 1794; yielded to Dutch, 1814. =Padmanabham=, Madras. 18N. 83E. British defeated and killed Rajah of Vizianagram, 1794. =Pakpatan= ('the holy ferry'), Punjab. 30N. 73E. Contains tomb of saint Farid-ul-Hakkwa-ud-din. Visited by Ibn Batuta; in subjection to Tamerlane, 1398. =Palakkat=, Madras. 11N. 77E. Fort f. by Hyder Ali taken by British, 1768. =Palembang=, Sumatra. 3S. 105E. Visited by Marco Polo, and contains an alleged tomb of Alexander the Great. Taken by British, 1812; by Dutch, 1821. =Palmyra= ('city of palms'), Syria. 34N. 39E. Supposed to have been f. by Solomon; rebuilt by Hadrian, 130; Queen Zenobia conquered by Aurelian, 273; city taken by Arabs, 634; pillaged by Tamerlane, 1401. (See Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.') =Pandavgarh=, Bombay. 18N. 74E. Seized by Sivaji, 1673; by Aurungzebe, 1701; by British, 1818. =Pandharpur=, Bombay. 18N. 75E. Contains famous temple of Vishnu incarnation. =Pandua=, Bengal. 25N. 88E. Bp. of poet Bharat Chandra Rai. Contains tombs of Jalal-ud-din Tabrizi and of Mir Kutb Alam. =Panipat=, Punjab. 29N. 77E. Afghans under Ibrahim Lodi defeated by Mogols under Baber, 1526; Afghans under Hermu defeated by Akbar, 1556; Ahmed Shah conquered Mahrattas, 1761. =Panjim=, Bombay. 15N. 74E. (See Sir Richard Burton's 'Goa and the Blue Mountains.')