=Paphos=, Cyprus. 35N. 32E. Scene of conversion of Sergius Paulus by Saint Paul. Famous for worship of Aphrodite and scene of story of Pygmalion. =Pasargada=, Persia. 30N. 53E. Ancient capital of Persia; said to have been f. by Cyrus, c. 555 B.C. Alleged tomb of Cyrus in vicinity. =Patan=, Baroda. 24N. 72E. F. by Vanarajah, c. 746. Conquered by Mahmoud of Ghazni, 1024; by Ulugh Khan, 1298. Contains many Jain temples and has fine collection of Jain MSS. =Patna=, Bengal. 26N. 85E. Buddha said to have assisted in foundation of city; mentioned by Strabo, Pliny, and Arrian; contains shrine of Shah Arzani. Entered by Clive, 1759; captured by Major Adam, 1761; massacre of British, 1763; conspiracy of Sepoys, 1857; of Wahabis, 1864. =Pegu=, Burma. 18N. 96E. Destroyed by Alompra, 1757; occupied by British, 1852. =Peking= ('the northern capital'), China. 40N. 116E. Seized by Ghengis Khan, 1215; res. of Kubla Khan, 1264; occupied by British and French, 1860; by British and Americans in Boxer rising, 1900. (See Little's 'Far East.') =Penukonda=, Madras. 14N. 78E. Res. of Krishna Deva. Seized by Hyder Ali, 1762. =Perambakkam=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Hyder Ali overcame British, 1780. =Petra=, Syria. 30N. 36E. Mentioned by Strabo and Pliny, and probably Sela of the Bible. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta,' Whittier's '"The Rock" in El Ghor.') =Petropavlovsk=, Kamtchatka. 53N. 159E. French and British allies engaged in naval battle with Russians under Muravieff, 1854. =Phyeng-yang=, Korea. 39N. 126E. Japanese won a victory over Chinese, 1894. (See Diosy's 'New Far East,' McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.') =Pinjaur=, Punjab. 31N. 77E. Besieged by Patiala, 1769; taken by Bourquin, 1793. =Plassy=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Siraj-ud-Daula suffered great defeat at hands of Clive, 1757. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.') =Pollanarrua=, Ceylon. 8N. 82E. Capital of Ceylon, 769; taken by Malabars, c. 1204. =Pondicherri=, Madras. 12N. 80E. First French settlement, 1674; taken by Dutch, 1693; unsuccessfully besieged by Admiral Boscawen, 1748; taken by Eyre Coote, 1761; restored to French, 1763; recaptured by Sir Hector Monro, 1778; restored, 1783; retaken by British, 1793; finally restored to French, 1816. =Poona=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Destroyed by Nizam Ali, 1763; captured by British, 1818. =Port Arthur=, Manchuria. 39N. 121E. Fortified by Chinese, 1891; seized by Japanese, 1894; leased to Russia, 1898; besieged during Russo-Japanese War, 1904; surrendered to Japanese, 1905. (See Diosy's 'New Far East.') =Porto Novo=, Madras. 11N. 80E. Occupied by Danes and English, 1682; Sir Eyre Coote defeated Hyder Ali, 1781; ceded to British by Dutch, 1823. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.') =Pratapgarh=, Bombay. 18N. 74E. Res. of Sivaji, and scene of his murder of Afzal Khan, 1659. =Priene=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. One of twelve cities of Ionian League, supposed to have been f. by Æpytus. Bp. of Bias and Achelaus.