=Orinoco=, river, S.A. 8N. 60W. Columbus at mouth of, 1498; Raleigh rowed partly up in search of the gold mines of Manoa, 1595; Kemys sent up by Raleigh, 1617, during the latter's last expedition; Kemys attacked San Tomas and Raleigh's son was killed. =Oriskany=, near Utica, N.Y. 43N. 75W. Victory of Patriots over Mohawks and Tories, 1777 (W. of Ind.). =Orleans, Island of=, Canada. 46N. 70-71W. Discovered by Cartier, who called it the Island of Bacchus on account of the number of its vines, 1535. =Osawatomie=, Kansas. 38N. 96W. Fight between John Brown, the abolitionist, and his opponents, 1856. =Oswego=, N.Y. 43N. 76W. English establish post at, 1725; forts captured by Montcalm, 1756; surrendered and in English possession till 1795; taken by English, 1814. =Ottawa=, Canada. 45N. 75W. Made capital of Dominion, 1858; originally named Bytown after Col. By, its founder; first parliament opened, 1866. =Ottawa=, river, Ontario and Quebec. Explored by Champlain, 1612 and 1615; by Jean Nicolet, 1634. =Otumba=, Mexico. 19N. 99W. Victory of Cortés over Mexican Indians, 1520. =Pachacamac=, Peru. 12S. 77W. Famous under the Incas for its great temple and shrine whence oracles were delivered; image destroyed by Hernando Pizarro, who arrived at, 1533. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.) =Pacific, The.= First seen by a European when Nuñez de Balboa sighted it from the Isthmus of Darien, 1513; name given by Magalhaes, who sailed into its waters, 1520; first English boat launched on by John Oxenham (d. 1575); Drake sailed across after entering by Magellan, 1577; among the many explorers of the 18th century were Cook, 1778, and Vancouver, 1791. (See Irving, 'Companions of Columbus.') =Paita= (Payta), Peru. 5S. 80W. Reached by Pizarro, 1527; sacked and burnt by the filibuster Anson, 1741; burnt by Lord Cochrane, 1820. =Palenque=, Chiapas, Mexico. 17N. 91W. Famous prehistoric ruins at. =Palmyra=, N.Y. 43N. 77W. Mormon sect at f. by Joseph Smith, 1827. =Palo Alto=, Texas. 26N. 97W. Defeat of Mexicans by Americans, 1846. =Paltos, Desert of=, north of Caxas. Crossed by Blasco Nunez pursued by Gonzalo Pizarro, 1545. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.) =Pamlico Sound=, U.S. 35N. 76W. Discovered by Amadas and Barlow sent by Raleigh, 1584. =Panama=, town. 8N. 79W. First town f. by Avila, 1518; destroyed by buccaneer Morgan, 1670, and rebuilt by H. de Cordova. =Panama, Isthmus of.= 7-9N. 77-82W. Coast first sighted by the Spaniard Bastidas, 1501; coasted by Columbus, who called it Veragua, during his fourth and last voyage, 1502; town on f. by Ojeda, 1510, afterwards destroyed; Nombre de Dios and other towns settled shortly after; Pizarro here on his way to Peru. The idea of cutting a way through the isthmus was propagated as early as the 16th century. First Pacific steamboat passed through canal, 1909. (See under Darien).