=Peru=, S.A. 3-22S. 69-80W. Expedition to, under Andagoya, 1522; Pizarro first reaches, 1526; conquering expedition to landed at Tumbez, 1531. He found the empire divided between the two Incas, Huascar and Atahuallpa; the latter was strangled by Pizarro, 1532; Lima f. by conqueror, 1535; country settled by Gasca, 1548-50; Mendoza viceroy, 1551; Indian insurrection under Pumacagna, 1814; Spanish viceroy's forces heavily defeated at Maypo by San Martin, 1816; entry of San Martin, the Liberator, into Lima, and proclamation of independence, 1821; liberation of country assured by defeat of Spaniards at Ayacucho, 1824; finally evacuated by Spaniards, 1826; civil disturbances continual, and war with Spain, 1864 and 1866; treaty with Bolivia, 1873; and war with Chili, 1879-83; continued revolutions and hideous slaughter in the streets of Lima for three days, March 1895. =Philadelphia=, Penn. 39N. 75W. Early Swedish settlers in, who sold the land to W. Penn, 1682, when city was f.; first continental congress at, 1774; Declaration of Independence proclaimed at, 1776; taken by Lord Howe, 1777; evacuated by English, 1778; proclamation of close of W. of Ind., 1783; capital removed from to Washington, 1800. Bp. C. Brockden Brown (1771-1810); F. Hopkinson, satirist, A. of 'The Battle of the Kegs' (1737-91); Louisa M. Alcott (1832-88); Allibone, A. of the 'Dict. of Literature' (1816-89); Joseph Hopkins, A. of 'Hail Columbia' (1770-1842); Leland (Hans Breitmann) (1824-1903); H. H. Furness, editor of the Variorum Shakespeare (1833); F. R. Stockton (1834-1902); res. Benjamin Franklin, 1723-90, the year of his death. =Pichincha=, near Quito, Ecuador, 0. 78W. Victory of Sucré, Bolivar's lieutenant, 1822 (S. A. W. Ind.). =Pines, Isle of=, W. Indies. 24N. 81W. Discovered by Columbus, and named by him Evangelista, 1494. =Pittsburg=, Penn. 40N. 80W. On site of Fort Duquesne (q.v.). Defeat of Braddock by the French and Indians, 1755; taken by English, 1758, who gave it its present name. =Pittsburg Landing=, Tennessee. 35N. 88W. Federals defeated, but Confederates finally forced to retire, April 6 and 7, 1862 (also known as battle of Shiloh). =Piura=, river, Peru. 5S. 80W. Crossed by Pizarro on his way inland, 1532. =Plata, La, Rio de=, S.A. 34S. 36W. Mouth discovered by Pinzon and Solís, 1508; Solís again at, 1515, and killed by natives; Cabot on, 1526, who named it as above, and f. S. Espiritu; Garcia arrived at mouth of the same year (see Brazil); Drake off, 1578. =Plata, La.= Silver mines in worked by Gonzalo Pizarro in 15th century; by Carbajal, 16th century; made a viceroyalty, 1778. (See Argentine Republic.) =Plattsburg=, N.Y. 44N. 73W. British fleet defeated in Cumberland Bay, and English land force repulsed, by Americans, 1814. =Pleasant Grove=, near Sabine Cross Roads, Louisiana. 31N. 93W. Confederates repulsed, 1864 (Civil W.).