A Literary History of the ArabsNicholson, Reynold Alleyne
History
A Literary History of the Arabs
Nicholson, Reynold Alleyne
Arabic literature -- History and criticism
Now, the Shí‘ite theory of Divine Right certainly harmonised with
Persian ideas, but was it also of Persian origin? On the contrary, it
seems first to have arisen among an obscure Arabian sect, the Saba’ites,
whose founder, ‘Abdulláh b. Sabá (properly, Saba’), was a native of
Ṣan‘á in Yemen, and is said to have been a Jew.[398] In ‘Uthmán's time
he turned Moslem and became, apparently, a travelling missionary. "He
went from place to place," says the historian, "seeking to lead the
Moslems into error."[399] We hear of him in the Ḥijáz, then in Baṣra and
Kúfa, then in Syria. Finally he settled in Egypt, where he preached the
doctrine of palingenesis (_raj‘a_). "It is strange indeed," he
exclaimed, "that any one should believe in the return of Jesus (as
Messias), and deny the return of Muḥammad, which God has announced (Kor.
xxviii, 85).[400] Furthermore, there are a thousand Prophets, every one
of whom has an executor (_waṣí_), and the executor of Muḥammad is
‘Alí.[401] Muḥammad is the last of the Prophets, and ‘Alí is the last of
the executors." Ibn Sabá, therefore, regarded Abú Bakr, ‘Umar, and
‘Uthmán as usurpers. He set on foot a widespread conspiracy in favour of
‘Alí, and carried on a secret correspondence with the disaffected in
various provinces of the Empire.[402] According to Shahrastání, he was
banished by ‘Alí for saying, "Thou art thou" (_anta anta_), _i.e._,
"Thou art God."[403] This refers to the doctrine taught by Ibn Sabá and
the extreme Shí‘ites (_Ghulát_) who derive from him, that the Divine
Spirit which dwells in every prophet and passes successively from one to
another was transfused, at Muḥammad's death, into ‘Alí, and from ‘Alí
into his descendants who succeeded him in the Imámate. The Saba’ites
also held that the Imám might suffer a temporary occultation (_ghayba_),
but that one day he would return and fill the earth with justice. They
believed the millennium to be near at hand, so that the number of Imáms
was at first limited to four. Thus the poet Kuthayyir († 723 A.D.)
says:--
"Four complete are the Imáms
‘Alí and his three good sons,
One was faithful and devout;
One, until with waving flags
Dwells on Mount Raḍwá, concealed:
of Quraysh, the lords of Right:
each of them a shining light.
Karbalá hid one from sight;
his horsemen he shall lead to fight,
honey he drinks and water bright."[404]
[Sidenote: The Mahdí or Messiah.]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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