Sources of the Roman revenue (_vectigalia_) were: 1. Tribute _a._ from the Roman citizens; that is to say, a property-tax imposed by the senate according to the urgency of the case (which, however, was remitted, for a long time, after the war with Perseus, 168, being no longer necessary). _b._ Tribute of the allies (_socii_) in Italy: which seems also to have been a property-tax; differing in different places. _c._ Tribute of the provinces: in some a heavy poll-tax, in others taxes on property; in all, however, they were paid in natural productions, mostly ordinary, though sometimes extraordinary, as well for the salary of the governor as for the supply of the capital. 2. The revenue from the national domains (_ager publicus_), both in Italy (especially Campania) and in the provinces; the tythes (_decumae_) of which were paid by means of leases for four years, granted by the censors. 3. The revenue from the customs (_portoria_), collected in the seaports and frontier towns. 4. The revenue arising from the mines (_metalla_), particularly the Spanish silver mines; the proprietors of which were obliged to pay a duty to the state. 5. The duty upon enfranchised slaves (_aurum vicesimarium_). All receipts flowed into the national treasury, the _aerarium_; all outgoings were exclusively ordered by the senate; and the people were consulted as little with regard to them as they were respecting the imposts. The officers employed were the _quaestores_, under whom were the _scribae_, divided into _decurias_, who, though certainly subordinate, had nevertheless great influence. Their services, as they were not yearly changed, must have been indispensable to the _quaestores_ for the time being; and the whole management of affairs, at least in detail, must have fallen into their hands. Upon the finances of Rome, the best work at present is:-- P. BURMANNI, _Vectigalia Populi Romani_. Leyden, 1734, 4to. Two excellent treatises have since appeared in German upon this subject:-- # D. H. HEGEWISCH, _Essay upon Roman Finances_. Antona, 1804, and # R. BOSSE, _Sketch of the System of Finance in the Roman State_. Brunswick, 1803, 2 parts. Both include the periods of the republic and the monarchy. THIRD PERIOD. _From the beginning of the civil broils under the Gracchi, to the fall of the republic. B. C. 134-30. Year of Rome, 620-724._