_Tapirus Americanus_; recent; third molar, upper jaw; nat. size.] [Illustration: Fig. 136. _a._ _b._ Deer. Elk (_Cervus alces_, Lin.); recent; molar of upper jaw. _a._ grinding surface. _b._ side view; two-thirds of nat. size.] [Illustration: Fig. 137. _c._ _d._ Ox. Ox, common, from shell marl, Forfarshire; true molar upper jaw; two-thirds nat. size. _c._ grinding surface. _d._ side view.] [Illustration: Fig. 138. Bear. _a._ canine tooth or tusk of bear (_Ursus spelaeus_); from cave near Liege. _b._ molar of left side, upper jaw; one third of nat. size.] [Illustration: Fig. 139. Tiger. _c._ canine tooth of tiger (_Felis tigris_); recent. _d._ outside view of posterior molar, lower jaw; one-third of nat. size.] [Illustration: Fig. 140. _Hyaena spelaea_; second molar, left side, lower jaw; nat. size. Cave of Kirkdale. (See p. 154.)] [Illustration: Fig. 141. Teeth of a new species of _Arvicola_ (field-mouse); from the Norwich Crag. (See p. 149.) _a._ grinding surface. _b._ side view of same. _c._ nat. size of a and b.] FOOTNOTES: [147-A] Morris, Geol. Soc. Proceed., 1849. [147-B] Woodward's Geology of Norfolk. [148-A] Zool. of Beagle, part 1. pp. 9. 111. [149-A] Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. 271. _Mastodon longirostris_, Kaup, see _ibid._ [152-A] I am indebted to Mr. Lonsdale for the details above given respecting the structure of this coral. [155-A] Owen, Brit. Foss. Mam. xxvi., and Buckland, Rel. Dil. 19. 24. [155-B] See Principles of Geology. [158-A] See Principles of Geology, chaps. xli. to xliv. CHAPTER XIV. OLDER PLIOCENE AND MIOCENE FORMATIONS. Strata of Suffolk termed Red and Coralline crag--Fossils, and proportion of recent species--Depth of sea and climate--Reference of Suffolk crag to the older Pliocene period--Migration of many species of shells southwards during the glacial period--Fossil whales--Sub- apennine beds--Asti, Sienna, Rome--Miocene formations--Faluns of Touraine--Depth of sea and littoral character of fauna--Tropical climate implied by the testacea--Proportion of recent species of shells--Faluns more ancient than the Suffolk crag--Miocene strata of Bordeaux and Piedmont--Molasse of Switzerland--Tertiary strata of Lisbon--Older Pliocene and Miocene formations in the United States--Sewalik Hills in India. The older Pliocene strata, which next claim our attention, are chiefly confined, in Great Britain, to the eastern part of the county of Suffolk, where, like the Norwich beds already described, they are called "Crag," a provincial name given particularly to those masses of shelly sand which have been used from very ancient times in agriculture, to fertilize soils deficient in calcareous matter. The relative position of the "red crag" in Essex to the London clay, may be understood by reference to the accompanying diagram (fig. 142.). [Illustration: Fig. 142. Cross section.]